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SECOND  EDITION 


HORSE  WELFARE 


The  "^^^  Method 

OF 

Veterinary  Treatment 

THE    ORIGINAL  METHODS    EMPLOYED    BY 
DR.  D.  S.  GILES  IN  AN  EXPERIENCE 
OF  OVER  FIFTY  YEARS. 

DDD 

ENABLES  ONE   TO    TREAT  SUCCESSFULLY  ALL    AILMENTS 
INCIDENT   TO   THE   HORSE 

.     DDD 

TO  EFFECT  MORE  CURES  THAN  PROFESSIONALS  EMPLOY, 

ING  ANY  OTHER  TREATMENT  AND  PREVENT 

TROUBLES  THEY  CANNOT  AVERT 

What  Follows  Will  Make  Clear  to  You  the  True  Causes  of  Disease  and  the 
Most  Modern  Methods  of  Prevention  and  Cure, 

COPYRIGHT  1907 

706-708  Van  Buren  Street, 
Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


Dr.  D.  S.  Gir.RS. 


[XTENDED  research  of 
the  latest  works  of  lead- 
ing authorities  of  Amer- 
ica, England,  Germany 
and  France,  together  with  the  wide 
practical  experience  of  DR.  GILES, 
for  more  than  fifty  years,  have 
been  crystalized  in  this  booklet, 
giving  it  an  authoritative  standing 
never  before  attained  by  a  similar 
publication. 


HAT  better  results 
than  now  obtain  from 
the  methods  of  veter- 
inary practice  univer- 
sally employed,  is 
much  to  be  desired, 
is  appreciated  by  every  intelligent  man  who 
is  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the  horse. 
That  all  methods  in  common  use  are  exactly 

alike  in  principle,  is  well  known. 
That    much    direct  or  indirect    loss  results, 

is  conceded. 
That    the  ''GILES"    method    of  Treatment 
with    the  ''GILES"    Remedy   is  radically 
different  from  all  others  is  clearly  apparent. 

That  the  "GILES"  way 
is  better  is  abundantly 
proven. 

That  its  use  makes  every  owner  or  care- 
taker his  own  veterinarian  with  better 
results,  is  an  accomplished  fact. 

That  a  demonstration  of  the  "GILES" 
Treatment  will  prove  a  revelation, 
is  certain. 

That  this  book  will  prove  interesting 
and  instructive  is  confidently  expected. 

nnnnan  nan  nan 


To  those  who  know,  this  word  means  the  best  Method 
of    Veterinary    Treatment,    which    is    the    proper 
apphcation    of    GILES  MAGIC   LOTION,    and 
BLOOD  PURIFIER  the  GREAT  VETERINARY 
REMEDY. 

The  GILES  REMEDY  and  GILES  METHOD 
OF  TREATMENT  are  inseperable,  the  one  makes 
the  other  possible,  and  neither  would  be  successful  with- 
out the  other.  They  are  the  result  of  over  fift}'-  years 
of  wide  experience  and  painstaking  experiment.  Fifteen 
years  of  severe  and  conclusive  tests  at  the  hands  of  a 
conservative  and  discriminating  horse  public,  has  served 
to  firmly, establish  an  unequalled  and  enviable  reputation 
for  "GILES" 

The  REMEDY  is  essentially  a  TRUE  GERM- 
ICIDE, which  destroys  and  removes  from  the  system 
the  Toxins  of  GERMS,  a  Vitalizer  which  increases  the 
bipod  pressure,  stimulates  the  action  of  the  heart  and 
other  organs,  enabling  them  to  perform  their  natural 
Functions;  a  powerful  non-irritating  Antiseptic,  which 
purifies  the  blood  and  overcomes  or  neutralizes  Disease 
Germs;  an  Alterative,  Sedative,  Febrifuge  and  Tonic 
Stimulant. 

This    combination    of    qualities    exists    in    no    other 
preparation.     It  is  at  once  Effective,    Harmless,  Healing 
Soothing-  with  no  bad  after  effects. 


THE  MODERN 

SCIENTIFIC 

REMEDY 

FOR    HUMAN    USE. 


TRADE  MARK 


GILES  ^ 
GERMI- 
CIDE y 


REaiSTERES 


EXPELS  from  the  system  the  toxins  of  germs 
—the  common  cause  of  nearly  every  ailment. 
Removes  any  internal  or  external  congestion 
or  inflammation.  FOR 

Prompt  Relief — Speedy  Cure 

of  Rheumatism,  Asthma,  Catarrh,  Hay 
Fever,  Croup  and  all  Throat,  and  Lung 
Troubles,  Blood  and  Skin  Diseases,  Kid- 
ney and  Bladder  Affections,  Female  Dis- 
eases, Diseases  of  the  Stomach  and 
Bowels,  Piles  and  all  ailments  of  an  inflam- 
matory nature,  either  internal  or  external, 

ABSOLUTELY  HARMLESS 
PVT  UP  IN  50c  AND  $1.00  BOTTLES 


MADE  ONLY  BY 


GILES    REMEDY  COMPANY 

INCORPORATED 

706-708  Van  Buren  St.  CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


HORSE  WELFARE. 


PERFECT  FUNCTIONAL  ACTION, 

NECESSARY  FOR  PERFECT  HEALTH. 

HEALTH  is  a  condition  in  which   all  vital  organs  perform  their 
natural  functions  through  a  perfect  circulation  of  pure  blood. 
Whenever  this  condition  is  disturbed,  the  patient  is  slightly 
or  seriously  ill  to  the  extent  of  such  disturbance. 

Interruption  of  the  circulation  quickly  promotes  congestion — the  real 
disease — from  which  arise  the  various  complications  or  ailments,  which 
are  but  symptoms,  chief  of  which  are  chill,  fever  and  inflammation. 
Without  some  one,  or  a  combination  of  these  three  affections,  there  can 
be  no  illness,  nor  can  chill,  fever  or  inflammation  exist  without  the  prime 
cause,  congestion  and  there  can  be  no  congestion  when  the  circulation  is 
perfect  and  the  blood  pure. 

Germs  are  ever  present  within  and  without.  They  easily  gain  en- 
trance to  the  blood  and  throw  off  their  toxins  which  are  constantly  being 
combatted  by  the  healthy  blood  corpuscles  and  rendered  harmless.  But 
these  micro-organisms  are  ever  ready  to  attack  when  opportunity  otters 
to  interfere  with  the  normal  working  of  any  function  of  the  body.  Wher- 
ever congestion  appears,  there  the  germs  center  their  poisonous  attacks 
and  there  arise  the  symptoms  of  ailments  erroneously  denominated  dis- 
eases. 

With  the  germ  poisons  eliminated  the  circulation  returned  to  normal 
and  the  blood  purified,  congestion  cannot  exist  and  health  is  restored. 


UBIQUITOUS   POISON   GERMS. 

IT  has  been  demonstrated  beyond  all  cavil  that  poison  germs,  the 
smallest  known  plants,  get  into  the  blood  through  the  nostrils, 
mouth  or  skin  and  cause  congestion.  There  are  many  kinds  of 
germs  and  they  are  found  in  every  corner  of  the  world.  There  are  healthy 
germs  which  are  necessary  to  the  life  of  man  and  beast;  but  it  is  the 
disease  breeding,  poison  spreading  germs  here  alluded  to.  It  is  not  the 
intention  to  go  extensively  into  the  history  of  the  discovery  of  these 
minute  organisms,  as  that  would  require  a  very  large  volume  in  itself, 
suffice  to  say  that  what  in  the  earlier  stages  of  investigation  was  called 
the  "germ  theory  of  disease"  is  now  an  accepted  fact. 

These  disease  germs  attack  the  tissues  of  which  the  entire  body  is 
composed,  the  delicate  membranes  and  all  vital  organs,  through  the  cir- 
culation.   If  undisturbed  in  throwing  off  their  poisonous  products,  they 


2  "GILES." 

will  set  up  congestion  and  some  one  or  more  of  the  many  ailments  which 
are  symptoms  of  congestion,  in  any  part  of  the  body  where  conditions 
become  favorable.  The  deadly  organisms  are  ever  present  in  the  air, 
water,  food,  clothing,  in  the  ground,  in  fact  in  or  on  everything  we 
handle  or  eat.  They  are  kicked  up  in  the  dust  everywhere  in  or  out  of 
doors.  They  enter  nostrils,  mouth  and  ears,  cling  to  the  hands,  clothing 
and  hair  and  enter  our  bodies.  They  multiply  with  such  astonishing 
rapidity  that  a  single  germ,  under  favorable  circumstances,  will  mul- 
tiply to  millions  in  a  very  few  hours  and  this  mass  of  busy,  microscopic 
organisms  never  tire  or  rest  from  their  destructive  work.  They  destroy 
the  healthy  blood  corpuscles  and  go  bounding  through  the  veins  and 
arteries  of  the  body  seeking  a  favor.ible  lodgement. 

A  healthy  body  will  combat  the  toxic  or  poisonous  waste  thrown  off 
by  the  germs,  which  is  now  held  to  be  the  cause  of  congestion  rather 
than  the  germs  themselves,  the  product  being  scientitically  known  as 
ptomaines.  After  the  microbe  has  succeeded  in  invading  the  tissues, 
a  battle  immediately  ensues  between  the  living  cells  of  the  animal  and 
the  multiplying  cells  of  the  invader,  the  contest  being  decided  in  favor 
of  the  stronger.  The  researches  of  the  great  Russian  scientist,  Met- 
schnikoff,  show  that  the  bacilli  can  be  destroyed  by  the  white  corpuscles, 
the  scavengers  of  the  blood.  Two  modes  of  attack  are  open  to  the  doctor 
after  the  organisms  have  entered  the  tissues  or  circulation,  either  by  at- 
tempting to  exterminate  the  microbe  itself  through  such  agents  as  he 
may  consider  to  possess  germicidal  properties;  or  by  an  effort  to  antago- 
nize the  poison  which  the  microbe  is  distributing  through  the  system.  It 
is  just  at  this  point  where  the  difficulty  arises.  The  cause  of  the  trouble 
is  known;  but  what  means  are  at  hand  to  combat  it?  as  agents  suffi- 
ciently strong  and  potent  to  effect  either  object  are  themselves  more 
than  likely  to  prove  injurious  to  the  affected  tissues.  The  aim  of  cura- 
tive remedies  is  the  discovery  of  elements  capable  of  preventing  the 
growth  of  the  microbe,  yet  inoccuous  to  the  animal.  Combating  the  poi- 
son of  the  germ  with  a  drug  that  will  prove  irritating  and  destructive 
to  the  tissues,  even  though  it  is  successful  in  eradicating  the  organisms 
and  their  poisons,  leaves  the  horse  in  such  condition  that  the  utmost 
care  is  necessary  for  his  recovery  and  there  is  strong  probability  that 
the  mischief  accomplished  by  the  drug  will  be  so  destructive  either  to 
the  heart  or  membranes  that  he  will  never  fully  recover. 

It  was  with  a  view  to  overcome  this  danger  that  Dr.  Giles  con- 
ducted his  study  and  experiments,  with  the  result  that  he  has  perfected 
a  true  germicide  which  will  not  only  eliminate  the  germs  and  their  poi- 
sons; but  will  build  up  and  strengthen  the  heart  and  tissues.  It  is  power- 
ful to  eradicate  the  germs,  yet  so  soothing  that  it  may  come  in  direct 
contact  with  the  most  delicate  membrane  without  harm.  It  assists  and 
builds  up  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood,  stimulating  them  in  their 
struggle  against  the  poisonous  invader.  Congestion  is  conquered  and 
the  cause  of  the  ailment  quickly  removed.     The  same  cause  producing  all 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


the  various  ailments,  the  effect  of  this  marvellous  treatment  is  the  same. 
That  is  why  it  cures  so  many  different  complaints — different  in  name  and 
location,  but  the  same  as  to  cause. 

Will  the  "OILES"  method  of  treatment  do  the  wonderful  things 
claimed  for  it? 

The  strongest  argument  that  can  be  submitted  to  impress  you  with 
the  absolute  truth  of  every  claim  made  is  the  unrestricted  offer  to  give 
you  an  opportunity  of  testing  the  treatment  as  severely  as  you  please. 
In  addition,  there  are  hundreds  of  horsemen,  some,  doubtless,  in  your  own 
community,  who  have  tested  it  and  as  a  result  are  enthusiastic  advocates 
of  the  treatment.  Their  testimony  may  be  had  for  the  asking  and  the 
Giles  Remedy  Company  will  send  you  these  testimonials  with  special 
pride  for  the  reason  that  every  one  came  as  an  unsolicited  tribute  to 
the  worth  of  this  treatment. 


A   Clean  Pair  of  Legs. 


"GILES." 


CONGESTION   THE   ONE  DISEASE. 

ALL  AILMENTS   ARE   BUT   SYMPTOMS. 

WHENEVER  one  or  more  of  the  natural  functions  of  the  body  are 
disturbed,  there  is  a  state  of  disease,  which  is  congestion,  arising 
from  the  poisons  thrown  off  in  the  blood  by  various  kinds  of 
germs.  That  those  who  are  interested  in  the  horse  may  see  substantial 
reason  for  the  remarkable  cures  effected  by  "GILES,"  though  the  ail 
ments  cured  are  so  widely  different  in  name  and  location,  it  is  the  pur- 
pose here  to  set  forth  undeniable  facts  that  broadly  speaking,  there  is 
but  one  disease — congestion,  and  that  "GILES,"  in  relieving  congestion, 
therefore  cures  all  of  the  many  ailments  which  are  likely  to  affect  the 
horse. 

CONGESTION  may  be  of  as  many  forms  as  there  are  functions  of 
the  body  and  every  ailment  is  due  to  one  or  more  of  these  forms;  but 
for  the  sake  of  convenience,  all  forms  of  congestion  are  here  covered 
under  the  general  terms,  active  and  passive. 

ACTIVE  CONGESTION  is  a  state  of  hypersemia  in  which  too  much 
blood  is  propelled  into  the  affected  part  and  it  constitutes  the  first  mani- 
festations of  inflammation.  That  is,  the  rush  of  blood  interferes  with 
the  functional  work  of  a  part  and  is  followed  by  pain  and  inflammation; 
as  in  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  blood  in  the  liver,  such  as  may  be 
induced  by  over  eating,  or  the  germs  of  malaria  and  of  typhoid  fever. 
Pain  in  any  part  of  the  body,  internal  or  external,  is  the  danger  signal 
of  active  congestion  and  its  immediate  removal  prevents  the  complica- 
tions and  ailments  sure  to  arise,  whether  due  to  the  action  of  germs  in- 
ternally or  their  activity  in  external  wounds  or  sores. 

PASSIVE  CONGESTION  is  the  term  applied  to  all  forms  of  con- 
gestion that  do  not  depend  upon  the  amount  of  blood  sent  to  the  part 
from  the  heart,  wherein  circulation  to  the  part  has  stopped  and  from 
which  inflammation  and  pain  have  departed.  That  is,  there  is  a  stoppage 
of  blood  in  the  veins  of  a  part  and  if  that  condition  is  permitted  to 
exist,  atrophy,  or  hardening  and  thickening  of  the  part  will  ensue.  As 
the  pressure  also  renders  the  nerve  reaching  to  the  part  inactive,  there 
is  no  pain.  Waste  matter  in  the  blood  clogs  the  affected  part  where  it 
remains  inert,  forming  bunches  or  swellings.  Cysts  may  form  if  the  con- 
dition continues  and  in  some  cases,  serous  or  watery  swellings  arise. 
Passive  congestion  may  also  appear  from  a  blow  bruising  the  delicate 
walls  of  the  veins  which  are  easily  affected  by  pressure,  thereby  arrest- 
ing circixlation  to  the  part  and  the  tissues  immediately  surrounding  be- 
come hardened  and  devoid  of  feeling. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


The  germicidal  qualities  of  "GILES"  and  its  powerful  action  on  the 
circulation  forces  a  renewal  of  blood  in  the  affected  veins  by  increasing 
the  pressure  from  the  arteries,  thus  removing  the  congestion  and  its 
complications  which  form  the  symptoms  termed  diseases. 

The  exciting  cause  of  fever,  which  is  a  symptom  of  almost  every 
ailment,  produces  an  irregular  action  in  the  system  of  nutrition  which 
is  soon  conveyed  to  the  rest  of  the  system  owing  to  the  extensive  sym- 
pathy which  exists  between  every  part  of  the  body,  and  local  conges- 
tions and  inflammations  are  the  consequence. 

Different  forms  of  blood  poisoning  (septicaemia)  is  produced  by  dif- 
ferent forms  of  bacteria.  They  are  carried  by  the  blood  streams  to  the 
various  internal  organs,  where,  on  becoming  arrested  in  the  capillaries, 
they  set  up  congestion.  On  post  mortem,  the  most  important  changes 
are  found  in  the  appearance  of  the  blood  which  assumes  the  color  of 
lacquer,  coagulates  imperfectly  on  account  of  the  destruction  of  the 
white  blood  corpuscles  and  swarms  with  bacteria.  There  are  cloudy 
swellings  of  the  muscular  tissues  of  the  heart,  liver,  kidneys  and  mus- 
cles of  the  skeleton  which  often  look  like  boiled  meat;  frequently  there 
is  swelling  of  the  spleen  and  hemorrhages  in  the  mucous  membranes  of 
the  head,  intestinal  canal  and  bladder;  hemorrhages  in  the  liver,  lungs, 
kidneys  and  muscles.  Colonies  of  septic  bacteria  may  also  be  observed 
in  the  kidneys  and  other  organs.  The  leucocytes,  or  white  corpuscles, 
frequently  contain  bacteria.  Thus  is  congestion  produced  in  the  various 
parts  attacked. 

Colic  is  the  most  important  of  all  ailments  and  horses  are  more  liable 
to  it  than  all  other  domestic  animals.  Being  the  manifestation  of  pain 
in  the  interior  of  the  abdomen,  it  is  a  symptom  of  various  ailments,  such 
as  irritation  of  the  intestines  due  to  indigestion,  worms,  enteritis,  hernia, 
twisted  bowel,  calculus  (stone)  in  the  intestines,  obstruction,  etc.  Au- 
thorities pretty  generally  agree  that  about  40  per  cent  of  the  internal 
troubles  of  horses  is  due  to  colic  and  death  from  it  is  about  13  per  cent 
and  about  40  per  cent  of  the  general  death  rate.  Colic  is  congestion  of 
the  bowels  and  may  show  in  any  one  of  various  forms,  so  much  so  that 
the  regular  practice  is  to  treat  the  symptoms  rather  than  the  cause.  Spas- 
modic colic  is  the  name  applied  to  spasms  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the 
intestines  due  to  the  presence  of  undigested  food  which  causes  the  con- 
gestion which  produces  the  painful  symptoms.  A  chill  will  sometimes 
cause  the  painful  complications,  which  is  due  to  congestion. 

Strangles  is  an  infective  malady  caused  by  congestion  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  upper  air  passages  especially  of  the  nose,  producing 
an  infectious  catarrh. 

A  few  of  the  more  important  and  common  symptoms  have  been  thus 
somewhat  fully  described  to  show  ever  present  congestion.  Numerous 
other  symptoms  could  be  mentioned  just  as  fully,  such  as  the  various 
fevers,  distemper,  influenza  or  pink  eye,  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia 
or  dry  influenza,  glanders  and  farcy,  inflammations,  catarrh  of  the  stom- 
ach, pharyngitis,  chills,  chronic  coughs,  colds,  diarrhea,  affections  of  the 


6  «'GILES." 

eye,  fistula,  poll  evil,  founder,  heaves,  heat  exhaustion,  old  sores,  lock 
jaw  (tetanus),  rheumatism,  sore  necks,  galls,  sore  throat,  spinal  menin- 
gitis, skin  affections,  thumps,  thick  wind,  wounds  and  many  others,  all 
due  to  the  same  cause — congestion. 

Why  will  "GILES"  relieve  congestion?  Because  it  stimulates  the  ac- 
tion of  the  heart  naturally,  increasing  the  pressure,  throwing  oxygen 
through  the  veins  and  arteries  of  the  body  in  which  the  disease  germs 
and  their  poisons  cannot  thrive,  thus  ousting  congestion  whenever  it  is 
present  no  matter  in  what  part  of  the  body.  "GILES"  is  composed  of  a 
purely  vegetable  oil  which  will  carry  more  oxygen  than  any  other  ele- 
ment, this,  in  a  happy  combination  of  healing  mediums,  is  quickly  taken 
up  by  the  circulatory  system  and  sent  flowing  through  every  gate  and 
alley  of  the  body,  sweeping  out  before  it  all  the  toxin  and  germs  which 
have  produced  the  congestive  cause  of  the  ailment.  All  this  is  done  with- 
out harmful  or  reactive  effect,  which  is  the  danger  of  drugs  used  in  the 
regular  practice.  While  eliminating  the  cause  of  disorder,  "GILES' '  builds 
up  every  function  of  the  body;  it  soothes  and  heals  the  tissues  while  it 
destroys  the  cause  of  the  affection.  It  is  strong  enough  to  drive  out  the 
poison  of  any  malady,  yet  so  mild  in  its  health-giving  properties  that 
it  cannot  injure  the  most  delicate  membrane.  It  can  be  placed  in  the 
eye  full  strength  with  beneficial  effect.  It  is  a  happy  combination  and 
there  is  none  other  like  it. 

The  trouble  has  been  and  is,  in  veterinary  practice,  to  get  an  anti- 
septic that  will  eliminate  germ  poisons  and  not  leave  the  horse  in  al- 
most as  bad  condition  from  the  effects  of  the  medicine  as  from  the  mal- 
ady. "GILES"  is  the  only  treatment  that  has  no  reactive  effect,  and  that 
fact  is  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  for  you  to  test. 


?eat  of  corn         -.  -  -  /  ^'^^^  ^^/■^m:y/!k\ Seat  of  corn , 

Bar.       /•IP®^     'm0-m\-        Bar.        . 


•4&round  surface  of  horse's  foot. , 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


HEART  AND  CIRCULATORY  SYSTEMS 


AtF(  C£U  CAPILLARIES 


PULMOHARYAPCTERies 


RIGHT  AURICLE 

RlQMT  VALVE 

IMQHT  VENTRICLE- 

7 


MPK  CELLCAPILLAHieS 


■PULfnONARY   VEINS 


LEFT  AURICLE 

LEFT  VALVE 

LEFT  VEhTRICl£ 


VEINS  OF  QENEfKAL- 
CIHCULAIIOM 


The     RquRE    >A5C^£/'REPRESErfT 

TmeHeart  and  The  Line  BE 
The  Partition  whic.h  divides 
ir  INTO  Two  HAtVES\ 


CAPILLARIES  OF  QENERAL- 
ClRCULATION 


"ARTERIES  OPQ£NERAL 
CIRCULATION 


CAPILLARIES  OF  GErtERAI 

C/RcuiATion 


GILES." 


HOW   THE   BLOOD   CIRCULATES. 

LIFE  STREAM  OF  MAN  AND  BEAST. 

THERE  are  two  ciculitory  movements  of  the  blood,  the  pulmonary 
and  the  general  circulation.  The  former  taking  up  the  oxygen 
from  the  lungs  is  pumped  into  the  general  circulation  by  the 
heart,  carrying  a  purifying  process.  The  right  auricle  communicates  by  a 
valve  with  the  right  ventricle  of  the  heart,  which  opens  into  the  pul- 
monary artery,  proceeds  to  the  lungs,  is  split  up  into  branches  and  finally 
into  the  capillaries  which  spread  through  the  air  cells  of  the  lungs.  The 
air  cell  capillaries  unite  to  form  the  pulmonary  veins  which  open  into 
the  left  auricle  from  which  the  blood  is  carried  to  the  capillaries  of  the 
general  circulation.  The  heart  is  a  hollow  muscle  of  somewhat  conical 
shape,  the  small  end  pointing  downward,  divided  by  a  partition  iHto 
right  and  left  sides,  each  of  these  sides  being  subdivided  into  an  auricle 
and  a  ventricle,  by  a  valve,  which,  under  normal  conditions,  allows  the 
blood  to  flow  from  an  auricle  into  a  ventricle  of  each  particular  side,  but 
does  not  allow  it  to  flow  in  the  opposite  direction.  The  auricles  occupy 
the  base  and  are  much  smaller  than  the  ventricles  which  occupy  the  re- 
mainder of  the  heart.  The  aorta  into  which  the  left  ventricle  opens,  the 
largest  of  all  the  arteries,  splits  up  into  branches  shortly  after  leaving 
the  heart,  that  distribute  their  still  smaller  ramifications  to  every  part 
of  the  body,  finally  terminating  in  capillaries,  as  a  rule.  The  aorta  and 
the  pulmonary  arteries,  which  are  its  branches,  the  veins  of  the  general 
circulation  and  the  pulmonary  veins,  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  il- 
histration  as  consisting  of  a  single  tnmk,  for  the  sake  of  convenience. 
Throughout  the  entire  system  the  capillaries  are  found  in  countless  num- 
bers. They  are  exceedingly  small  tubes  with  very  thin  walls,  not  greater 
than  1-3000  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  not  to  exceed  1-40  of  an  inch  in 
length.  They  open  into  the  small  veins  which  gradually  unite  with  each 
other,  entering  the  right  auricle  by  two  large  branches  and  a  few  smaller 
ones. 

The  muscular  walls  of  the  heart  act  in  much  the  same  manner  as  a 
rubber  bulb  syringe  with  an  intake  at  one  end,  which  corresponds  with 
the  veins  and  the  auricle  and  an  outlet  at  the  other  end  corresponding 
to  the  artery.  When  dilated,  the  bulb  is  filled  with  fluid  and  by  squeez- 
ing, which  may  be  likened  to  the  muscular  contractions  of  the  heart,  the 
fluid  is  ejected  from  the  arterial  tube  find  is  prevented  from  returning  to 
the  auricle  by  means  of  a  valve  which  closes  during  the  squeezing  process, 
but  opens  on  release  of  pressure  and  the  bulb  is  again  filled.  These  mus- 
cular contractions  or  heart  beats  occur  about  forty  times  a  minute  in  a 

hOlBS. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


According  to  reliable  scientific  experiment  it  requires  about  thirty- 
one  GBConds  and  about  twenty-seven  contractions  of  the  heart  for  the 
blood  of  a  horse  to  make  the  entire  circuit  of  both  the  pulmonary  and 
general  circulation.  In  this  great  scheme  of  circulation,  the  blood  starts 
from  the  left  ventricle  and  by  the  contraction  of  that  side  of  the  heart 
is  driven  through  the  arteries,  veins  and  capillaries  of  the  general  circu- 
lation into  the  right  auricle  and  passing  the  valve  of  the  right  side  en- 
ters the  right  ventricle.  The  contraction  of  that  side  of  the  heart  then 
drives  it  through  the  arteries,  capillaries  and  veins  into  the  pulmonary 
circulation,  around  into  the  left  auricle  and  past  the  valve  on  that  side 
into  the  left  ventricle  completing  the  circuit,  to  be  pumped  around  agaiq 
the  same  way. 

The  blood  is  life  itself  in  that  it  deposits  nutrition  in  the  form  of 
plasma,  which,  in  a  normal  condition  of  the  system,  constantly  bathes 
all  the  tissues  which  take  from  it  the  constituents  required  for  repair  and 
nourishment.  The  pressure  on  the  b'ood  forces  the  plasma  through  the 
thin  walls  of  the  capillaries  which  appear  to  act  as  a  filter  to  the  plasma, 
keeping  back  a  large  proportion  of  fibrin  constituents,  thus  preventing 
corgulation  in  the  tissues.  .The  red  blood  corpuscles  part  with  more  or 
less  of  their  oxygen  in  the  capillaries  to  the  tissues.  The  excess  of  plasma 
and  waste  products  given  off  by  the  tissues  are  removed  by  the  'lym- 
phatics, which  pour  their  contents  into  the  veins.  Therefore,  the  blood  re- 
turns to  the  right  ventricle  in  an  impure  state,  which,  on  being  again 
pumped  into  the  pulmonary  system,  gives  off  into  the  air  cells  of  the 
lungs  the  carbonic  acid  which  it  received  from  the  tissues  and  takes  up  a 
fresh  supply  of  oxygen  from  the  air  in  the  air  cells,  ai-riving  in  a  more 
or  less  purified  state  in  the  left  auricle,  flowing  thence  into  the  left  ven- 
tricle. In  addition  to  the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  liver  and  skin  also  assist  in 
removing  impurities  from  the  body. 

The  blood  is  peculiarly  susceptible  to  the  reception  of  disease  germs 
and  through  the  poisons  thrown  off  by  them,  congestion  is  set  up,  which 
is  the  cause  of  most  ailments.  When  the  normal  flow  of  the  blood 
through  its  regular  channels  is  interfered  with  inflammations,  fevers  and 
all  the  other  symptoms  of  disease  follow  and  the  horse  will  grow  worse 
and  worse,  unless  the  normal  work  of  the  heart  and  blood  is  restored, 
and  death  will  follow.  "GILES"  is  readily  taken  up  by  the  blood  and  is 
quickly  absorbed  into  the  circulation,  supplying  the  blood  with  the  ele- 
ments which  the  abnormal  condition  had  destroyed,  mainly  through  the 
action  of  the  poisons  thrown  off  by  disease  germs.  The  blood  pressure  in 
the  arteries,  capillaries  and  veins  is  increased,  thereby  stimulating  the 
action  of  the  heart.  Congestion  is  dispelled  and  the  normal  condition 
vestored. 


10 


*«  GILES." 


WHAT    THE    TISSUES    ARE. 

HOW  BUILT  UP  AND  DESTROYED. 

IN  telling  of  the  effects  and  treatment  of  different  ailments,  fre- 
quent reference  is  made  to  the  tissues,  which  may  mean  much  or 
little  to  the  readers  according  as  they  understand  the  term.  The 
entire  body  is  built  up  of  tissues  and  no  matter  what  the  ailment  or 
where  located,  tissues  are  affected  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 

A  horse's  body  is  a  wonderful  piece  of  mechanism,  made  up  of  these 
different  kinds  of  materials  called  tissues,  arranged  in  organs  such  as 
the  muscles,  nerves,  heart,  lungs,  stomach,  skin,  etc.,  all  built  up  to  form 
the  whole  body  and  in  the  marvelous  physiological  arrangement,  all  the 
labor  of  the  body  is  wisely  apportioned  among  the  several  tissues. 

The  epidermic  tissue  is  the  epidermis  (outer  or  scarf  skin)  and  its 
appendages,  with  epithelium  (protective  covering)  of  mucous  membranes. 

The  hair,  hoofs,  horns  and  epidermis  are  called  corneous  tissue,  com- 
posed of  compact  masses  of  cells  which  are  soft  near  the  base  where 
attached  to  the  body^  flat  and  often  devoid  of  a  nucleus  near  their  free 
surface. 

The  simple  tissues  are  composed  of  but  one  structural  element  or 
with  but  a  slight  admixture  of  others,  such  as  the  blood,  lymph,  epi- 
therium  and  connective  tissues,  cartilage  bone  and  nervous  tissue. 

Movement  is  carried  out  by  the  muscular  tissue,  broadly  speaking, 
and  the  changes  in  the  muscular  tissues  which  lead  to  the  setting  free 
of  energy  in  the  form  of  movement,  is  directly  governed  by  means  of 
the  nervous  tissues.  The  whole  of  the  rest  of  the  body  is  engaged  in  pre- 
paring the  food  and  carrying  it  to  the  muscular  tissues  and  receiving  the 
waste  matter  thrown  off  and  preparing  it  for  easy  and  rapid  ejection 
from  the  body.  This  food,  which  is  prepared  and  elaborated  by  the  di- 
gestive organs,  is  carried  to  the  muscular  and  nervous  tissues  in  the  form 
of  blood,  throA\Ti  through  the  circulatory  system  by  the  musciilar  con- 
tractions of  the  heart. 

Tissue  is  destroyed  and  becomes  waste  matter  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  energy  expended.  As  long  as  the  work  of  repair  and  the  elimina- 
tion of  waste  is  equally  distributed,  there  is  no  disturbance  of  health; 
but  when  the  blood  becomes  impaired  and  is  unable  to  perform  its  func- 
tion, there  is  an  accumulation  of  waste  matter  at  some  point  which  be- 
comes a  fruitful  field  for  germ  attack.  Congestion  and  complications 
follow. 

"GILES"  restores  the  blood  to  healthy  action  and  abnormal  condi- 
tions disappear. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


11 


IMPORTANCE   OF   A  SAFE   ANTISEPTIC. 

ANTISEPTIC  surgery  is  comparatively  of  modern  origin  and  is 
well  known  to  be  efficacious  in  checking  the  action  of  bacteria. 
The  objection  to  the  use  of  these  agents,  however,  is,  that  all 
antiseptics  known  to  general  practice  exercise  injurious  action  on  the 
tissues  as  well  as  on  the  microbes. 

This  fact  is  freely  admitted  by  eminent  authorities  and  great  effort 
has  been  made  to  procure  an  antiseptic  that  would  have  all  the  power 
of  known  agents  in  the  destruction  of  bacteria,  without  the  irritating 
qualities,  so  far  without  avail,  'ihis  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  carbolic 
acid  was  almost  exclusively  used  for  a  long  time,  but  has  now  given 
place  to  creolin  and  like  agents  that  are  a  little  less  irritating,  but  not  so 
potent. 

The  injurious  effects  of  commonl3'^  used  antiseptics  on  wounds  and 
sores,  while  interfering  with  the  action  of  bacteria,  tend  to  increase  in- 
flammation and  deaden  the  healthy  tissue  immediately  surrounding  the 
parts. 

"GILES"  is  the  only  antiseptic  yet  discovered  that  has  the  power 
to  accomplish  the  desired  results  without  the  accompanying  evils.  On 
the  contrary  it  induces  a  healthy  growth  of  tissues  in  place  of  putrefac- 
tion and  no  fever  or  inflammation  can  exist  where  it  reaches. 


Optic  nerve- 

Sclenitica/..  7. 

Choroid- 

Retuuv.. 


...CanjajtcbwOf 
Eyelash, 
I-ris 

Cornea, 

U- Aqueous  humour 
■CrystaUxiui  lens 

his 


•Eydash/ 
Eyelid/ 


Longitudinal  and  vertical  section  of  eye. 


12  "GILES." 


THE  STORY  OF  DR.  GILES 

AND   HIS   GREAT   TREATMENT. 

DR.  D.  S.  GILES,  the  originator  of  the  "GILES"  Treatment  for 
horses,  was  born  in  1829  and  grew  to  manhood  in  a  community 
which  was  eminently  ' '  horsey. ' '  Horses  were  the  chief  interest 
and  match  races  the  principal  amusement.  In  those  days,  as  many  of  the 
old-timers  will  remember,  horses  were  valued  for  their  endurance  as 
well  as  for  their  speed.  They  had  to  be  up  to  going  any  distance  from 
a  quarter  to  tv.'enty  miles,  and  the  parson  as  well  as  the  deacons,  were 
not  averse  to  enjoying  a  good  contest.  Dr.  Giles'  father  and  elder  broth- 
ers were  prominent  horse  fanciers  and  it  would  have  been  a  marvelous 
thing  if  he  had  not  evinced  an  aptitude  for  horsemanship. 

When  he  came  into  possession  of  his  first  horse,  presented  by  his 
father  when  a  lad  of  twelve  or  fourteen,  he  began  his  first  efforts  to  find 
a  way  to  relieve  the  ailments  to  which  horses  are  subjected.  He  had  an 
undefined,  hazy  sort  of  an  impression,  gained  through  seeing  the  generally 
unsuccessful,  not  to  say  inhumane  methods  used  in  the  treatment  of  sick 
horses  in  his  immediate  neighborhood,  that  such  treatment  left  much  to 
be  desired.  He  was  a  wide-awake,  observing  lad  and  saw  that  the  medi- 
cine and  decoctions  used  did  not  act  promptly  and,  even  if  successful, 
the  after  effects  were  bad,  invariably  leaving  the  animals  in  a  woefully 
weakened  condition  and  it  took  a  long  time  for  them  to  recuperate.  He 
began  to  keenly  realize  the  need  of  something  that  would  do  better  and 
not  leave  horses  in  a  debilitated  condition,  with  the  result  that  he  read 
all  the  books  he  could  procure  on  the  subject  and  never  lost  an  oppor- 
tunity to  be  present  when  the  "Horse  Doctor"  visited  a  sick  horse  in 
the  neighborhood,  thereby  gaining  much  practical  as  well  as  theoretical 
experience.  This  course  of  study  and  observation  covered  a  period  of 
several  years  and  resulted  in  his  building  a  theory  that  there  could  be 
but  one  cause  of  disease,  and  that  was  congestion. 

Then  followed  some  years  of  experiment,  combined  with  further 
study,  in  an  effort  to  find  a  way  to  prevent  congestion  or  removing  it 
after  it  had  taken  place,  or  to  cure  disease  of  which  fever  is  a  symptom, 
without  leaving  the  horse  debilitated. 

The  purifying,  consequently  curative  powers  of  oxygen,  was  fairly 
well  understood  even  at  that  day.  It  was  known  that  pure  air  was 
healthy  and  that  impure  air  was  unhealthy.  How  to  make  use  of  that 
knowledge  and  utilize  the  health-giving  properties  of  pure  air;  how  to 
manufacture  oxygen  for  practical  use,  seemed  for  a  time  an  unsurmount- 
abie  barrier  to  the  g&al  he  aimed  at.    One  experiment  followed  another. 


HORSE     WELFARE.  13 


and  many  times  when  he  began  to  think  he  had  discovered  the  right 
thing,  it  was  only  to  learn  that  sometliing  was  lacking,  and  a  new  start 
would  have  to  be  made.  Undaunted  by  repeated  failures,  he  clung  te- 
naciously to  his  ideas  which  his  experiments  and  wider  experience 
strenghtened. 

Yet  after  all  the  tedious  and  trying  experiments,  it  was  a  couple  of 
lucky  accidents  that  finally  opened  the  way,  although  the  years  of  re- 
search and  study  had  laid  a  foundation  which  enabled  him  to  take  q.uick 
advantage  of  his  accidental  discoveries  and  put  them  to  practical  use. 
After  finding  that  he  could  manufacture  oxygen  and  combine  it  with 
other  agents  that  would  hold  it,  he  also  discovered  that  oxygen  alone 
was  not  potent  enough  for  the  purpose  aimed  at  and  that  it  must  be 
combined  with  other  gases.  The  next  step  was  to  so  confine  it  that  it 
could  be  ea-sily  controlled  and  when  administered  it  would  be  released 
by  the  heat  of  the  stomach  and  readily  assimilate  with  the  blood.  Even 
after  perfecting  his  discovery  so  far,  he  found  that  when  it  was  po- 
tent enough  to  help  one  organ,  it  might  be  too  strong  for  another  and 
also  that  s3nnptoms  had  to  be  cared  for.  This  ,of  course,  led  to  further 
experiments,  which  covered  a  period  of  forty  years.  He  was  not  satis- 
fied that  he  had  the  right  thing  until  he  absolutely  knew  that  it  would 
search  out  and  relieve  congestion,  thereby  removing  the  cause  of  fever 
and  other  symptoms  without  possible  reactive  effect,  but  carry  v/ith  it 
vigor  and  blood  purifying  properties  that  would  leave  the  patient 
stronger  and  better  in  every  way. 

Dr.  Giles  did  not  really  appreciate  the  importance  of  his  discovery. 
He  know  that  it  cured  without  injury;  but  it  was  a  long  time  before  he 
knew  why  it  cured.  When  the  germ  theory  as  the  cause  of  disease  be- 
gan to  be  discussed  and  the  discoveries  of  Koch,  Pasteur  and  other  scien- 
tists were  made  public,  the  Doctor  quickly  realized  why  his  mode  of 
treatment  cured.  He  had  discovered  a  perfect  germicide  before  he 
knew  about  germs. 

He  continued  his  experiments,  however,  and  it  was  about  1890  be- 
fore he  felt  satisfied  that  he  had  his  treatment  perfected,  until  he  knew 
that  it  would  not  benefit  one  organ  at  the  expense  of  another,  but  that  it 
actually  toned  and  strengthened  the  entire  system. 

When  discoveries  in  the  bacteriological  Held  first  were  made  known, 
only  a  few  ailments  were  considered  of  germ  origin;  but  scientific  re- 
search the  world  over  has  continually  added  to  the  list,  until  now  there 
are  few,  if  any,  ailments  which  cannot  justly  be  laid  to  pathological 
micro-organisms.  While  ordinary  veterinary  practice  has  not  kept  pace 
with  scientific  discovery,  the  time  is  coming  when  it  must  recognize  and 
adapt  itself  to  it.  "GILES"  was  the  first  decisive  step  in  this  revolu- 
tionary direction. 

It  was  not  until  1890  that  Dr.  Giles  put  his  treatment  on  the  market. 
The  germ  idea  was  still  comparatively  new  to  the  general  public  and 
it  required  no  end  of  demonstratiDn  and  serious  argument  to  induce 
horse  owners  to  credit  the   great   efficiency  of  the  new  treatment.    It 


14  "GILES." 

was  frequently  necessary  for  Dr.  Giles  himself  to  go  into  stables  where 
there  were  sick  horses  and  cure  them  for  no  compensation  but  the  satis- 
faction of  proving  his  contention  as  to  the  cause  of  disease  and  his  abil- 
ity to  cure  it.  Far  more  was  demanded  of  him  by  the  public  than  was 
demanded  of  the  old  method  of  treatment.  The  latter  was  blindly  ac- 
cepted with  all  its  imperfections  and  ill  success,  while  with  the  new 
way  it  was  necessary  to  do  more  and  accomplish  more  than  was  ever 
required  of  the  old.  In  a  great  majority  of  cases,  Dr.  Giles  was  not 
permitted  to  treat  a  horse  until  it  had  actually  been  given  up  as  hope- 
less by  the  veterinaries.  These  statements  are  all  open  to  the  severest 
investigation. 

In  recent  litigation  over  a  trade  mark  which  Dr.  Giles  was  com- 
pelled to  institute  against  imitators  of  his  treatment,  affidavits  were 
made  by  some  of  the  most  prominent  horsemen  of  Kansas  City,  that  Dr. 
Giles  did  cure  horses  after  they  had  been  abandoned  to  their  fate. 

Following  are  copies  of  some  of  the  affidavits: 

SWORN    STATEMENTS. 
JUDSON  M.  BIDDLE, 

Being  first  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  I  am  a  salesman  for  Cot- 
tingham  Brothers,  horse  and  mule  dealers  at  the  Kansas  City  Stock 
Yards,  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  I  have  known  Dr.  Giles  ever  since  his 
remedy,  Giles  Magic  Lotion  was  first  introduced  in  this  market.  I  was 
both  bookkeeper  and  salesman  for  Cottingham  Brothers  for  six  years, 
during  which  time  we  used  and  sold  great  quantities  of  "GILES."  We 
were  induced  to  first  try  the  remedy  by  Dr.  Giles  coming  to  our  stable 
and  saying  to  Mr.  John  Cottingham,  who  is  now  dead,  that  he  could 
save  a  very  fine  saddle  horse  we  had,  which  was  very  sick  and  was  given 
up  by  the  veterinary  physician. 

He  said:  "I  can  take  this  horse  and  cure  him  if  you  will  let  me 
have  him." 

John  had  given  him  up  and  said  there  was  no  hope.  John  said  to 
Dr.  Giles  in  reply:  "Men  come  to  our  barn  every  day  and  say  the 
same  thing,  who  have  a  new  remedy  to  sell. ' ' 

But  after  considerable  talk  he  allowed  him  to  treat  the  horse.  Dr. 
Giles  staid  there  nearly  all  the  time,  night  and  day,  for  ten  days  and 
cured  the  horse.   Then  we  bought  our  first  supply  of  the  remedy  *  *  * 

A.  D.  COTTINGHAM, 

Being  first  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  My  name  is  Arnold  D.  Cot- 
tingham. I  reside  at  39  Warwick  Boulevard,  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  I 
am  one  of  the  firm  of  Cottingham  Brothers,  horse  and  mule  dealers.  I 
am  a  brother  of  John  Cottingham,  now  dead  and  an  uncle  of  Roy  L. 
Cottingham.  I  first  knew  Dr.  Giles  at  Kansas  City  when  he  was  in- 
troducing Giles  Remedy.  The  first  time  I  met  him  he  came  to  our  barn 
with  this  remedy.  We  had  some  horses  that  were  sick  at  the  time  and  he 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


15 


treated  them.  There  were  two  horses  he  was  doctoring  and  he  cured  them 
with  this  remedy.  That  is,  tke  horses  got  well  and  we  never  gave  them 
anything  else..  =•=  -  *  *  We  commenced  on  it  in  a  small  way  at 
first  and  finally  got  to  using  quite  a  bit  of  it  for  ailments  of  horses  and 
mules,  as  well  as  distemper  and  barn  fever. 
ROY  L.  COTTINGHAM, 

Being  first  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  I  am  a  nephew  of  Cotting- 
ham    Brothers,     *     *     *     *  My    occupation   is    buying    and   selling 

horses  and  mules.  I  first  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Giles  in  1891.  He 
cured  a  saddle  horse  for  my  uncle  with  his  remedy  "GILES,"  Giles  Lo- 
tion. My  Uncle  John,  now  dead,  continued  to  buy  the  remedy  from  him 
right  along  after  that.  My  Uncle  John  was  best  acquainted  with  Dr. 
Giles  and  he  bought  most  of  the  medicine.  '^  *  *  *  The  horse  Dr. 
Giles  cured,  which  was  given  up  by  the  veterinaries,  was  called  Ken- 
tucky Blue  Eyes  and  was  very  valuable.  He  had  what  is  called  shipping 
fever,  or  stock  yards  disease. 
State  of  Missouri,  County  of  Jackson,  ss. 

I,  Arthur  Fidler,  Notary  Public  within  and  for  Jackson  County, 
State  of  Missouri,  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  depositions  of 
Judson  M.  Riddle,  A.  D.  Cottingham  and  Roy  L.  Cottingham,  are  true  and 
correct. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  my 
notarial  seal  at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  in  said  county,  January,  1905. 

(Seal.)  Arthur   Fidler, 

Notary  Public,  Jackson  County,  Mo. 


Kentucky  Blue  Eyes. 


16  "GILES." 


RESPIRATION    AND    PULSE. 

BLOOD    PURE    IN    HEALTH. 

HORSES  in  their  natural  state  keep  themselves  healthy.  They  roam 
in  herds  over  the  plains  and  foothills,  seeking  the  best  grazing 
places,  eating  food  which  they  know  is  best  for  them,  taking  the 
proper  amount  of  exercise  and,  except  by  accidental  injury,  are  never 
sick.  It  is  only  when  their  natural  way  of  living  is  interfered  with 
through  domestication,  that  troublous  ailments  develop.  Even  under  the 
restrictions  of  his  domesticated  state,  the  horse  is  deemed  the  healthiest 
of  all  animals. 

In  health,  the  blood  of  a  horse  is  pure,  having  a  proper  division  of 
red  and  white  blood  corpuscles,  the  red  supplying  nutrition  to  the  mus- 
cular tissues  and  the  white  attacking  poison  germs  and  acting  as  scav- 
engers of  the  circulatory  system.  In  a  healthy  horse  it  requires  a  sec- 
ond or  two  over  half  a  minute  for  the  blood  to  make  a  complete  circuit 
through  the  arteries,  capillaries  and  veins  and  about  twenty-seven  con- 
tractions of  the  heart. 

The  ordinary  rate  of  respiration  when  at  rest,  is  from  twelve  to 
thirteen  per  minute.  In  a  horse,  respiration  is  more  regular  than  in 
other  animals  and  an  increase  in  the  rate  of  breathing  when  the  ani- 
mal is  at  rest,  is  a  sure  indication  of  some  disturbance  in  the  natural 
working  of  the  system,  yet  at  the  same  time  greater  attention  should 
be  given  to  any  peculiar  action  of  respiration  than  to  the  frequency  of 
the  act. 

Breathing  from  the  chest  can  be  controlled  by  the  muscular  action 
of  the  ribs,  which  are  movable  in  the  sense  that  each  rib  is  a  plane 
which  is  described  as  declining  in  two  ways  from  the  horizontal  plane, 
may  be  made  to  approach  the  horizontal  and  may  afterward  return  to 
the  original  position.  To  accomplish  these  movements,  various  muscles 
are  provided,  which,  in  a  general  way,  arise  from  the  vertebral  axis  or 
from  some  extra-thoracic  fixed  point  and  take  hold  of  the  movable  part 
of  the  thorax  in  such  manner  that  they  can  pull  them  up  or  pull  them 
down.  In  case  of  pleurisy,  however,  when  the  act  of  breathing  from 
the  chest  is  painful,  the  muscles  of  the  abdomen  are  made  to  perform 
the  office  at  will.  The  inspiration  of  a  healthy  animal  is  longer  than 
the  expiration. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


17 


In  cold-blooded,  or  draft  horses,  the  pulse  beats  at  the  rate  of  about 
thirty-five  pulsations  to  the  minute.  Pulsations  are  quickened  in  high- 
bred, or  warm-blooded  horses  by  five  or  six  beats  or  from  forty  to  forty- 
one  per  minute;  in  Shetland,  or  other  small  ponies,  the  beats  rise  to 
about  forty-five  per  minute,  and  the  younger  the  animal,  the  more  fre- 
quent the  pulse.  The  lower  jaw  is  the  favored  place  for  taking  the 
pulse,  its  character  there  being  better  marked.  The  submaxillary  artery 
may  be  felt  underneath  the  lower  jaw  a  little  in  front  of  the  fleshy  part 
of  the  cheek.  With  the  tip  of  the  middle  finger,  the  artery  should  be 
gently  pressed  against  the  inner  surface  of  the  bone.  The  easiest  artery 
to  feel  is  what  is  called  the  sub-zygomatic,  where  the  pulse  is  taken  toy 
placing  the  ball  of  the  middle  finger  gently  on  the  horse's  cheek  a  little 
in  front  of  the  back  edge  of  the  lower  jaw  bone  and  about  an  inch  be- 
low its  joint  or  about  four  inches  below  the  ear.  The  artery  of  the  fore- 
arm is  often  selected  from  which  to  take  the  pulse.  It  lies  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  forearm  and  is  felt  by  placing  the  hand  between  the  breast 
and  forearm,  from  the  front,  and  feeling  for  the  somewhat  prominent 
head  of  the  bone  just  below  the  elbow  joint.  This  artery  is  loosely  at- 
tached and  care  should  be  taken  not  to  push  it  out  of  position.  The 
pulse  can  also  be  taken  by  the  artery,  which  runs  down  the  groove  be- 
tween the  cannon  bone  below  the  hock,  by  pressing  the  finger  gently 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  groove.  It  may  be  taken,  too,  from  the  artery 
found  in  the  groove,  close  to  the  body,  along  the  under  surface  of  the 
tail. 


Jugular  vein. 


18  "GILES. 


RISING  TEMPERATURE 

.A  PLAIN  DANGER  SIGNAL. 

FEVER  which  is  the  forerunner  or  accompaniment  of  numerous  ail- 
ments, is  an  abnormally  high  internal  temperature  and  may  he 
produced  by  any  one  of  many  micro-organisms  that  are  not  classed 
as  specific  germs,  as  well  as  by  germs  which  produce  specific  ailments. 
They  throw  off  poisonous  products  which  act  on  the  heat  regulating 
centers  of  the  brain  or  nervous  system.  Fever  should  be  regarded  as  a 
symptom  and  not  a  disease.  In  addition  to  the  increased  internal  tem- 
perature, there  is  frequent  pulse,  quickened  breathing,  dullness  and  loss 
of  appetite.  The  system  is  rendered  more  susceptible  to  gemi  poisons 
through  various  constitutional  disturbances  acting  on  the  more  or  less 
unhealthy  condition  of  the  blood;  exposure  to  heat;  exhaustion  from 
prolonged  or  violent  exertion;  lack  of  exercise;  nervous  shock;  the  in- 
fluence of  insanitary  surroundings,  etc.  The  normal  temperature  of 
the  body  is  raised  from  one  to  nine  degrees,  the  danger  point  being 
reached  around  105  to  106  degrees. 

As  fever  may  be  symptomatic  of  one  or  more  of  many  ailments, 
through  the  attack  centering  at  the  weakest  or  most  susceptible  point, 
thereby  setting  up  inflammation  in  one  or  more  of  the  vital  organs,  it  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  to  begin  administering  "GILES"  at  the  earli- 
est possible  moment  in  order  that  the  abnormal  temperature  may  be 
lowered  before  grave  complications  arise.  By  arresting  the  fever,  which 
may  be  done  with  greater  ease  in  its  early  stages,  danger  of  these  com- 
plications is  avoided. 

Horsemen  should  ever  keep  a  lookout  for  the  three  great  danger 
signals  herein  explained,  viz.:  Congestion,  chill  and  fever.  One  is  the 
precursor  or  forerunner  of  the  other.  If  not  checked  in  the  early  stages, 
inflammation  of  membranes  or  one  or  more  of  the  vital  organs  super- 
venes and  any  one  or  more  of  many  serious  ailments  is  the  sure  result, 
with  chances  of  restoring  the  animal  to  health  just  that  much  length- 
ened. 

It  is  a  fact,  borne  out  by  results,  that  those  horsemen  who  regularly 
use  the  "GILES"  mode  of  treatment,  never  find  it  necessary  to  treat 
any  of  the  many  ailments  known  to  ordinary  veterinary  practice  under 
specific  disease  names.  If  congestion,  the  one  disease,  is  discovered  in 
time  and  dissipated  by  the  prompt  use  of  "GILES,"  chill  is  not  likely 
to  develop.  If  chill  does  develop  and  is  promptly  checked  by  "GILES," 
fever  will  not  show  to  any  great  extent.    If  fever  appears  before  treat- 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


19 


ment  can  be  administered,  it  will  quickly  respond  to  "GILES"  and 
temperature  be  reduced  through  removal  of  congestion,  always  the  prime 
cause. 

Regular  users  of  "GILES"  rarely,  if  ever,  permit  a  horse  to  get  be- 
yond the  fever  point,  to  where  inflammation  and  all  its  attendant  com- 
plications begin  to  show.  It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  a  knowledge  of 
the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment  makes  it  unnecessary  to  watch  for 
the  innumerable  symptoms  and  complications  which  are  given  specific 
disease  names  in  common  practice;  but  simply  have  a  care  to  conges- 
tion, chill  and  fever,  and  none  of  the  other  troubles  will  have  a  chance 
to  develop. 


AN   ACTIVE   ANTIDOTE. 

BECAUSE  of  the  inherent  qualities  of  "GILES"  to  prevent  con- 
gestion, allay  inflammation,  heal  and  soothe  the  nerves  and  tis- 
sues of  the  body,  it  is  a  great  error  to  consider  it  weak  and  im- 
potent, as  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  its  influence  for  good  is  much 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  drug  for  evil,  and  when  brought  in  con- 
tact in  sufficient  quantities  with  even  the  strongest  acids  and  poisons,  it 
will  readily  nullify  their  bad  effects.  For  this  reason  it  is  the  most 
potent,  quick-acting  and  safest  antidote  for  poisons  within  or  acids  and 
blisters  without  the  body,  that  can  be  given  or  applied,  and  possesses  the 
unequaled  merit  of  leaving  no  bad  after  effects  of  its  own  making.  It 
should  be  liberally  administered  in  cases  of  poisoning  by  narcotic  drugs 
and  to  nullify  the  evil  effects  of  purgatives  and  stimulants. 


Starting  Bandage.      Securing  Loose  End.  Bandage  Complete. 


20  "GILES." 


DANGER  IN  NARCOTICS, 

OLD   TIME  FALLACIES. 

REGULAR  veterinary  practice  contemplates  the  use  of  almost  every 
narcotic  poison  known  to  materia  medica.  Coal  and  wood  tar 
products  are  highly  favored,  all  of  which  under  various  modifica- 
tions and  names,  like  acetanolid  creosote,  etc.,  are  cruelly  injurious. 
Some  of  them  are  used  internally,  some  externally  and  some  both  inter- 
nally and  externally.  These  narcotics,  especially  when  administered  reg- 
ularly, require  ever  increasing  doses  to  produce  the  desired  effect  and  as 
a  consequence,  the  victim's  system  shortly  becomes  impregnated  with  the 
poison  and  can  never  return  to  ?,  normal  condition,  for  the  reason  that 
any  drug  that  will  unnaturally  stimulate  an  organ,  will  leave  it  in  a 
weakened  condition  and  this  reaction  is  more  and  more  pronounced  as 
the  treatment  is  continued. 

Arsenic  is  given  in  powders  and  solutions,  generally  as  a  stimulant 
or  tonic  in  the  convalescence  of  fevers.  Continued  use  renders  the  body 
immune  to  its  toxic  effects  and  the  amount  given  must  be  continually 
increased  in  order  to  get  the  desired  medicinal  effect.  As  a  consequence 
the  stomach  and  especially  the  liver  becomes  loaded  with  it.  Many 
horses  have  been  sent  to  market  excessivly  fat  through  having  had  ar- 
senic regularly  mixed  with  their  feed,  and  they  are  unsound  just  to  the 
extent  of  the  poisoning  they  have  undergone.  Such  horses  are  not  capable 
of  great  exertion  and  are  more  likely  to  contract  serious  illness  than 
other  horses. 

All  the  evil  effects  of  these  poisons  are  avoided  by  the  "GILES" 
method  of  treatment.  It  is  the  only  antiseptic  and  germicide  that  is  at 
the  same  time  an  antidote,  soothing,  healing  and  carries  with  it  no  reac- 
tive effect. 


EVILS    OF    PHYSICING. 

ONE  of  the  most  potent  causes  in  inducing  serious,  not  to  say  dis- 
astrous complications  in  the  treatment  of  ailments,  is  the  almost 
general  practice  of  dosing  a  horse  with  strong  purgatives.  In 
many  quarters  "physicing"  is  considered  the  one  great  cure  for  almost 
everything.  If  a  horse  suffering  from  a  disturbance  of  the  organs  of 
breathing  is  given  a  strong  purgative,  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  in- 
testines being  in  close  sympathy  with  those  organs  through  the  rami- 
fications of  the  pneumogastric  nerve,  severe  if  not  fatal  superpurga- 
tion  is  likely  to  result  or  the  ailment  seriously  aggravated.   The  ordinary 


HORSEWELFARE.  21 

■ball  of  purging  aloes  congests  the  blood  vessels  of  the  abdominal  viscera, 
while  large  doses  cause  irritation  and  tenesmus,  or  excessive  straining 
of  the  large  bowel,  one  of  the  chief  symptoms  of  inflammation  of  the 
lining  membrane  of  the  digestive  tube.  Long  continued  dosing  results  in 
habitual  constipation  to  the  ultimate  ruin  of  the  animal.  It  is  particu- 
larly dangerous  to  give  the  popular  ball  of  aloes  to  a  mare  under  certain 
conditions.  Therefore  the  best  thing  is  to  eliminate  the  ball  entirely  and 
adopt  the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment  which  is  soothing  and  heal- 
ing and  induces  the  stomach  and  intestines  to  act  in  the  natural  way. 


BLISTERING  IS   CRUEL. 

TREATING  by  counter-irritation,  or  blistering  while  still  practiced 
to  a  considerable  extent,  is  strongly  advised  against  by  the  more 
advanced  authorities.  The  beneficial  effects  of  the  structural  alter- 
ations caused  by  blistering,  is  open  to  serious  question.  In  many  cases 
it  is  likely  to  cause  the  part  to  swell  and  the  skin  to  slough.  A  blister 
of  cantharides,  commonly  used,  which  covers  a  large  surface  of  skin,  will 
poisonously  affect  the  kidneys,  and  it  is  also  certain  that  a  blister  ap- 
plied below  the  knee  or  hock  will  be  followed  by  permanent  thickening 
and  consequent  weakness.  The  pulling  off  of  a  scab  by  a  blister  has 
no  beneficial  effect  as  some  believe.  The  skin  that  has  been  severely 
blistered  becomes  greatly  thickened  and  forms  a  permanent  bandage.  The 
custom  of  placing  a  blister  over  the  pleura,  in  inflammation  of  that  organ, 
simply  accentuates  the  dryness,  intensifies  the  inflammation  and  increases 
pain. 

The  "GILES"  treatment  is  opposed  to  blistering  as  cruel,  injurious 
and  unnecessary.  When  applied  externally,  "GILES"  dissipates  fever, 
thereby  allaying  inflammation  and  relieving  pain. 


EVILS  OF  POULTICING. 

CONGESTION  is  caused  at  the  point  of  contact  of  a  poultice  with 
.the  skin  and  may  not  only  cause  sloughing  of  the  skin,  but  double 
infection  when  used  to  drav/  boils,  felons,  or  other  suppurating 
affections.  Frequently  when  used  for  relief  in  the  earlier  stages  of  in- 
flammation, poulticing  will  cause  the  £kin  to  become  white  and  wrinkled 
and  occasionally  produce  mattery  eruptions.  Congestion  and  a  sore  may 
be  produced  by  placing  a  poultice  on  a  healthy  patch  of  skin  and  allow- 
ing it  to  remain  for  a  time.  Poultices  quickly  become  the  host  of  germs 
and  may  truly  be  called  bacterial  incubators,  as  their  warmth  and  mois- 
ture are  particularly  favorable  to  the  development  of  putrefactive  and 
infective  germs.  They  are  often  applied  to  the  feet,  where  they  easily 
become  the  culture  nest  for  the  deadly  tetanus  germ. 

^  "GILES"  measures  all  that  is  advanced  and  progressive  in  curing 
horses  and  keeping  them  well.  It  is  a  true  germicide,  therefore  antiseptic, 
but  positively  non-irritating.    In  which  respect  it  stands  alone.    Applied 


22 


GILES. 


externally  it  induces  sweating  and  draws  out  fever  and  inflammjstion 
which  is  dissipated  through  evaporation  and  absorption.  Vigorously  ap- 
plied to  hairy  skin  where  there  is  high  fever  and  inflammation,  it  will 
draw  the  trouble  to  the  surface,  where  the  action  of  the  fever  on  the 
outer  skin  will  start  the  hair.  Unlike  poultices,  however,  it  causes  no 
pain  and  no  serous  matter  can  halt  there.  It  is  healing,  a  destroyer  of 
germ  poisons  and  soothing. 


SOAKING   OR  TUBBING. 

THIS  is  one  of  the  relics  of  ancient  equine  treatment.  It  is  actual- 
ly a  crime  to  make  horses  stand  in  a  tub  of  hot,  cold  or  warm  wa- 
ter, no  matter  what  reason  is  given  for  it.  Such  treatment,  re- 
gardless of  the  temperature  of  the  water,  is  most  favorable  to  the  pro- 
duction of  cracked  heels.  Not  only  that,  but  it  takes  the  natural  oil 
from  healthy  hoofs  and  leaves  them  dry  and  brittle,  susceptible  to  every 
hoof  trouble  known.  In  fact,  the  soaking  of  any  part  of  the  body,  skin 
or  hoofs,  with  water  has  a  deleterious  effect.  The  pressure  caused  by  the 
contraction  of  the  tissues  on  the  application  of  cold  water,  ice  or  any 
refrigerant  lotion,  checks  the  normal  action  of  the  capillaries  and  ar- 
rests all  vital  action,  so  that  no  benefit  is  gained  in  acute  inflammation, 
for  which  it  is  generally  used.  The  early  application  of  hot  or  cold  water 
to  sprains  may  have  some  little  merit;  but  in  such  slight  degree,  as  com- 
pared to  ' '  GILES, ' '  that  it  might  as  well  be  thrown  aside. 


Healthy  Foot 


HORSEWELFARE.  23 


MOST   EFFECTIVE   WAYS 

OF  ADMINISTERING  ' '  GILES. ' ' 

THE  most  economical  and  effective  means  of  administering 
"GILES,"  either  by  the  mouth,  nostrils,  rectum,  vagina  or  ure- 
thra, is  by  use  of  a  2-ounce  syringe  with  a  point  or  nozzle  six 
incnes  in  length.  The  Perfect  syringe,  which  is  a  part  of  the  "GILES" 
Veterinary  Outfit,  illustrated  and  described  on  page  137,  possesses  su- 
perior merits  over  all  others.  To  those  with  a  preference  for  a  plunger 
syringe,  the  "GILES"  Faultless,  shown  on  page  132,  will  be  found  to 
be  the  best  syringe  of  the  plunger  type  on  the  market 

It  is  essential  to  best  results  chat  the  dose,  which  averages  two 
ounces,  be  so  introduced  that  all  will  be  retained,  and  that  the  opera- 
tion be  attended  with  as  little  force  and  excitement  as  possible.  The 
syringes  above  described,  render  it  comparatively  easy  for  one  person 
to  give  any  needed  quantity  without  inconvenience  to  either  man  or 
horse. 

BY  THE  MOUTH — Placing  the  left  hand  on  the  animal's  nose  to 
steady  his  head,  put  the  point  of  the  syringe  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
and  move  it  gently  back  to  the  opening  of  the  throat.  Discharge  the 
contents  of  the  syringe  slowly.  This  action  will  result  in  the  animal 
swallowing  it  readily  with  little  or  no  loss. 

BY  THE  NOSTRILS — Place  the  horse  in  such  a  position  that  he 
cannot  move  about — backing  him  into  a  narrow  stall  will  serve  the  pur- 
pose nicely.  With  the  halter  stale  or  rope  passed  over  a  convenient 
beam  or  a  ring  placed  for  the  purpose,  elevate  the  horse's  head  to  a  level 
position.  Do  not  tie  the  rope,  but  hold  it  in  the  hand.  From  a  box  or 
chair  introduce  the  syringe  to  the  inner  side  of  the  nostril,  next  to  the 
nasal  bone.  Enter  the  nostril  gently  five  or  six  inches  and  discharge  the 
dose.  Do  not  release  the  head  until  both  nostrils  are  served.  An  ordi- 
nary dose  is  one  ounce  in  each  nostril,  but  two  ounces  will  not  be  an 
overdose  and  is  the  proper  amount  in  certain  cases.  As  the  remedy  thus 
administered  reaches  directly  the  larynx  and  air  passages  which  are  al- 
ways affected  when  cough  or  swelling  of  the  throat  exists  or  the  wind 
is  affected.  This  method  of  administration  brings  the  remedy  in  direct 
contact  with  the  affected  part  and  greatly  facilitates  a  cure.  The  bad 
after  effects  which  have  resulted  from  this  method  of  administration  of 
other  medicines  must  not  for  a  moment  be  considered  possible  to  occur 
from  ' '  GILES. ' '  When  the  dose  is  given  by  the  nostrils,  it  finds  its 
way  direct  to  the  stomach  and  may  for  that  time  be  omitted  from  the 
mouth. 


24  "GILES." 

BY  THE  RECTUM— Introduce  the  syringe  into  the  rectum  full 
length  of  its  6-inch  point  and  discharge  the  contents. 

BY  THE  VAGINA — (The  genito-urinary  organ  of  the  female.) 
This  administration  is  an  important  operation  in  the  treatment  of  reten- 
tion of  the  urine  in  any  case  where  sufficient  relaxation  does  not  result 
from  administration  by  the  mouth  and  rectum  in  due  time,  also  for  the 
prompt  relief  of  the  inflammation  and  heat  incidental  to  that  organ  in 
nymphomania  (horsing).  With  proper  and  gentle  care,  this  operation 
will  be  attended  by  no  bad  results.  Introduce  the  syringe  with  the  point 
slightly  elevated,  two  to  three  inches,  then  raise  the  syringe  to  near 
a  level  position  for  the  rest  of  the  length  of  the  point  and  discharge 
the  contents. 

BY  THE  URETHEA — (The  canal  by  which  the  urine  escapes  from 
the  bladder.)  With  the  left  hand  grasp  the  point  of  the  glans  penis 
firmly  and  by  a  gentle  pull  endeavor  to  remove  it  from  the  sheath.  In- 
troduce the  point  of  the  syringe  carefully,  4  to  6  inches,  and  discharge 
the  remedy.  Retain  the  hold  on  the  glans  penis  for  a  minute  or  two, 
so  that  all  possible  of  the  remedy  will  be  retained,  after  the  syringe  is 
removed.  This  operation  will  in  many  cases  serve  to  aid  in  voiding  the 
urine.  It  should  be  repeated,  if  staling  does  not  occur  in  ten  or  fifteen 
minutes. 

AID  IN  EXTREME  DIFFICULTY  OF  VOIDING  THE  URINE— In 
severe  cases  of  retention  of  the  urine,  when  the  directions  given  above 
do  not  afford  relief,  the  result  may  be  obtained  by  back  raking  (page 
26  )  which  relieves  the  pressure  of  dung  in  the  rectum.  In  the  opera- 
tion of  back  raking,  the  hand  Vi^ill  pass  over  the  distended  bladder  and 
if  gentle  pressure  on  the  bladder  with  the  flat  of  the  hand  be  made,  the 
urine  will  most  generally  be  voided  without  resorting  to  the  use  of  the 
catheter. 

PASSING  THE  CATHETER — In  rare  cases  when  circumstances 
suggest  the  advisability  of  resorting  to  the  catheter  for  the  removal  of 
urine  from  the  bladder,  the  operation  will  be  greatly  facilitated  and  ir- 
ritation prevented  by  an  injection  of  two  ounces  of  the  remedy  by  the 
urethra  or  vagina,  immediately  previous  to  its  use. 

PASTE  FOR  INFLAMMED  ENLARGEMENTS  OF  THE  LEGS  OR 
OINTMENT  FOR  GALLS  AND  SURFACE  SORES— Mixing  with 
"GILES"  a  sufficient  CLuantity  of  common  wheat  flour  to  a  proper  con- 
sistency to  admit  of  its  being  spread  on  cloth  and  thereby  applied  to 
the  seat  of  the  trouble  and  held  in  place  by  a  bandage.  The  paste  should 
be  kept  moistened  with  the  remedy  ana  the  supply  can  be  renewed  from 
the  top  of  the  bandage  without  removal.  This  is  an  unequaled  paste  or 
ointment  foe  application  to  filled  legs,  filled  hocks  and  bruises  on  the 
legs>  when  the  skin  is  unbroken.  This  method  of  application,  by  exclud- 
ing the"  air,  results  in  the  absorbative  and  sweating  qualities  of  the  rem- 
edy being  fully  exerted  and  admits  of  more  of  the  remedy  being  con- 
fined on  the  surface  of  a  harness  gall  or  a  surface  sore. 

USE  OF  OAKUM — As  a  means  of  confining  the  remedy  to  wounds. 


HORSEWEIiFARE.  25 

deep  sores  and  tfte  feet,  oakum  aifords  tne  Ijest  results.  The  oakum 
should  be  kept  well  saturated  with  the  remedy,  the  supply  toeing  re- 
newed without  removing  the  dressing. 

SWABBING  THE  THROAT— The  swab  for  this  purpose  should  toe 
made  from  about  thirty  inches  taken  from  the  flexible  part  of  a  com- 
mon buggy  whip.  It  should  be  limber  enough  to  conform  readily  to 
the  curves  of  the  throat,  yet  rigid  enough  to  be  easily  directed.  To  the 
small  end,  securely  attach  a  tough,  soft  sponge,  the  size  of  a  medium 
orange  (a  small  hole  in  the  stock  and  a  waxed  cord  is  best  for  this  pur- 
pose.)   See  that  the  sponge  covers  the  point  of  the  stock. 

After  saturating  the  swab  thoroughly  with  "GILES"  and  raising 
the  animal's  head  to  a  level,  place  the  hand  back  on  the  swab,  meas- 
uring the  proper  distance  to  enter  the  throat,  which  should  be  slightly 
beyond  the  larynx.  Place  the  soonge  end  of  the  swab  in  the  roof  of 
the  mouth,  pass  it  firmly  but  gently  down  the  throat  slightly  past  the 
larynx  and  withdraw  it  immediately.  This  operation  may  be  repeated 
once  or  twice  as  is  considered  necessary.  This  mode  of  treatment  will 
be  found  very  effective  in  removing  mucous  and  parasites  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  larynx  and  afford  prompt  relief  when  breathing  is 
difficult  and  if  properly  and  faithfully  applied  will  in  nearly  every  case 
hasten  a  cure  and  obviate  the  necessity  of  tracheotomy  with  its  at- 
tendant dangers,  annoyance  and  expense,  and  better  than  any  other 
method,  insure  the  recovery  of  the  animal  without  impaired  wind. 

TAKING  TEMPERATURE — The  normal  temperature  of  a  horse 
varies  from  99  to  101  degrees  F.,  under  different  conditions.  It  is  higher 
in  young  animals  than  in  old  and  is  higher  in  hot  weather  than  in  cold. 
The  best  test  of  temperature  is  the  judgment  of  an  experienced  horse- 
man. A  horse's  general  condition,  respiration,  tint  of  the  white  of  the 
eye,  membrane  lining  of  the  nostrils,  the  degree  of  heat  indicated  by  a 
touch  of  the  tongue,  roof  of  the  mouth,  exhalation  of  the  breath  against 
the  cheek  or  back  of  the  hand,  or  by  placing  the  fingers  between  the 
thighs,  will  serve  as  a  truer  indication,  than  will  the  common  practice 
of  taking  temperature  by  the  rectum  with  a  clinical  thermometer,  whicjn 
is  only  indicative  and  not  reliable  as  to  the  general  temperature;  be- 
cause if  the  seat  of  inflammation  is  in  the  lungs,  the  thermometer  wIM 
indicate  two  or  three  degrees  less  than  actually  exists;  but  if  the  In- 
flammation  is  in  the  bowels,  as  in  enteritis,  the  thermometer  will  register 
from  two  to  four  degrees  higher  than  is  actual  in  the  general  circula- 
tion. The  temperature  of  a  horse  with  fever  is  most  often  higher  at 
about  5  o'clock  p.  m.  than  at  any  other  time  and  should  not  be  con- 
sidered a  dangerous  symptom.  In  the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment, 
the  thermometer  can  well  be  dispensed  with,  because  the  judgment  of 
those  with  even  slight  experience,  will  tell  whether  the  horse  has  lit^« 
or  much  fever.  If  considerable,  the  remedy  must  be  administered  fri«k.t, 
and  often  until  temperature  is  reduced  and  the  frequency  of  the  doses 
decreased  as  the  fever  abates,  or  increased  again  if  the  fever  is  inter- 
mittent, until  again  favorable.    There  being  no  danger  of  an  overdose 


26  "GILES." 

of  ' '  GILES "  it  is  most  important  to  give  a  sufficiency  to  induce  a 
satisfactory  temperature  as  soon  as  possible,  no  matter  if  it  requires 
six  or  sixty  hours,  there  will  be  no  impairment  of  strength  of  heart 
and  the  patient  will  be  left  in  a  sound  condition  with  an  appetite. 

If  it  is  desired  to  use  a  thermometer,  the  following  facts  as  well  as 
those  above  stated,  should  be  remembered:  If  the  temperature  rises  to 
102.5  degrees  a  low  fever  may  be  said  to  exist.  If  104  degrees  is  indi- 
cated, it  is  moderate,  at  106  degrees  it  is  high,  and  above  this  point  is 
very  high.  In  some  affections,  such  as  tetanus  or  sunstroke,  the  tem- 
perature goes  as  high  as  108  or  110  degrees.  In  the  ordinary  infectious 
ailments  it  does  not  often  exceed  106  degrees.  A  temperature  of  107.5 
degrees  and  above,  is  very  dangerous  and  must  be  reduced  promptly  if 
the  life  of  the  animal  is  to  be  saved. 

BACK  HAKING. — This  is  an  important  operation  for  the  relief  of 
the  back  part  of  the  intestines  in  the  treatment  of  flatulent  colic  and 
retention  of  urine  when,  owing  to  constipation  and  excessive  impaction, 
the  prescribed  treatment  for  those  ailments  fails  to  readily  induce  a 
natural  movement  of  the  bowels  and  voiding  of  the  urine  and  should 
be  promptly  resorted  to  when  necessary  to  relieve  bloating  or  disten- 
sion of  the  abdomen.  It  is  often  made  necessary  by  the  administration 
of  a  physic  ball  which  does  not  act  promptly  and  would  cause  serious 
results. 

Here  again  the  superiority  of  the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment 
asserts  itself  as  it  obviates  the  necessity  of  giving  physic  balls. 

The  operation  is  not  difficult  and  may  be  performed  by  anyone  using 
proper  care.  The  effect  in  nearly  every  case  will  be  to  relieve  the  pres- 
sure on  the  bladder  of  the  dung  in  the  rectum  and  any  obstruction  to  a 
natural  movement.  The  neccessity  of  tapping  will  be  almost  invariably 
avoided.  If  the  operation  does  not  afford  the  desired  relief,  it  is  suffi- 
cient proof  that  the  trouble  is  further  forward  and  caused  by  impaction 
of  the  stomach,  fold  or  calculi  in  the  intestines  for  which  tapping  would 
afford  no  relief. 

THE  OPERATION. — Administer  one  or  two  rectal  injections  of  2- 
ounces  each.  Apply  the  remedy  freely  on  the  back  of  the  hand  and  arm, 
insert  it  carefully  into  the  rectimi  and  clean  it  of  its  contents.  Do  this 
as  far  as  the  arm  will  reach.  After  which  carefully  inject  2-ounces  of 
the  remedy  with  the  Perfect  Syringe,  which  is  part  of  the  "GILES" 
Veterinary  Outfit,  (Page  132),  inserting  it  the  full  length  of  the  arm  and 
discharging  the  contents. 

In  this  operation  the  hand  will  pass  over  the  bladder,  which,  if  fully 
distended,  it  will  be  readily  noted.  If  after  the  rectum  has  been  fully 
relieved  of  its  contents,  there  is  still  difficulty  in  voiding  the  urine, 
gentle  pressure  may  be  exerted  on  the  distended  bladder  with  the  flat 
of  the  hand  in  the  rectum.  This  will  result  in  the  urine  being  voided  in 
nearly  every  instance. 


HORSEWELFAEE.  27 

aECTAL   INJECTIONS. 

THE  importance  of  ractal  injections  must  not  be  underestimated, 
and  the  remedy  must  be  administered  as  directed,  under  all  cir- 
cumstances. 

The  rectum  is  a  fibrous  organ,  the  folds  of  which  are  furnished  with 
Ehe  largest  Ismiphatic  glands  of  the  entire  body.  These  contain  a  fluid 
'ailed  lymph,  which  feed  the  nerve  tissue.  The  lymphatics  are  very  ab- 
sorbant,  carrying  off  excess  of  plasma  and  waste,  as  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  excrement  is  there  relieved  of  its  moisture  and  dried, 
prior  to  evacuation.  In  a  condition  of  ill-health,  the  folds  of  the  rectum 
absorb  deleterious  matter  and  become  the  host  of  parasites  which  are 
not  expelled  by  the  ordinary  functions  of  the  organ.   . 

The  active  properties  of  "GILES"  are  quickly  absorbed  by  the  rec- 
tum and  through  it  the  beneficial  effects  on  certain  organs  are  secured 
three  times  q.uicker  than  when  given  by  the  mouth  because  of  its  con- 
nection with  the  pneumogastric  nerve  which  ramifies  from  the  base  of 
the  brain  to  the  organs  of  breathing,  to  the  heart,  lungs,  liver,  stomach, 
rectum,  etc. 

The  oil  which  remains  in  the  rectum  after  the  other  principles  of 
the  remedy  have  been  absorbed,  serves  to  lubricate,  to  allay  irritation 
and  expel  parasites  and  deleterious  matter. 


IMPORTANT    TO    REMEMBER. 


TEAT  ''GILES"  is  non-poismovs. 

THAT  there  is  no  danger  from  an  overdose. 

THAT  ''GILES"  produces  no  had  after  effects. 

THAT  in  every  acute  attacl',  quiclxst  and  best  results  will  ohtain 
hy  liberal  use  of  the  remedy  at  the  start. 

THAT  in  stuhhorn  cases  of  fever  or  internal  inflammation,  lileral 
administration  shoidcl  continue  until  marked  improvement  is 
noted. 

THAT  thorough  treatment  with  "GILES"  and  careful  nursing 
ivill  produce  quicl-est  and  best  possible  results. 

THAT  a  horse  cured  with  "GILES"  is  left  sound  in  wind  and  con- 
stitution. 


28  "GILES." 


GENERAL   INSTRUCTIONS 

FOR   EXPERT    HORSEMEN. 

To  THE  experienced  horseman  capable  of  judging  a  horse's  condi- 
tion by  his  action  and  general  appearance,  well  versed  in  proper 
methods  of  care  and  nursing,  the  following  brief  general  directions 
will  serve  to  convey  the  necessary  understanding  of  the  distinctive  qual- 
ities and  correct  use  of  "GILES"  under  any  and  all  conditions  that 
may  arise. 

It  should  be  A^eavly  understood  and  remembered  that  "GILES"  is 
so  accurately  pr' /portioned  and  carefully  compounded  that  it  will  not 
work  injury  to  one  organ  while  benefiting  another.  It  is  a  tonic  and 
vitalizer  wlvyh  permanently  strengthens  and  benefits — instead  of 
a  stimulant  with  reactive  effect.  It  does  not  weaken,  but  positively 
strengthen/  the  heart  aud  entire  system.  It  is  an  antiseptic  which  is 
absolutely  non-irritating;  an  alterative  which  corrects  the  stomach  and 
stimulates  the  bowels  to  healthy  action;  a  sedative  which  is  effectively 
anti-spasmodic,  and  over  all  possesses  the  qualities  of  subduing  fever 
and  allajdng  inflammation  wherever  located,  whether  iaternally  or  ex- 
ternally. Given  internally  it  enters  immediately  into  the  circulation. 
Externally  it  stimulates  the  skin,  opens  the  pores,  induces  sweating 
and  does  its  work  by  absorption.  It  is  the  most  potent  factor  possible 
for  the  removal  of  inflammation,  which  is  the  direct  cause  of  pain.  It 
acts  to  prevent  the  formation  or  retard  the  growth  of  abscesses;  to  re- 
move soreness  and  swellings;  to  keep  a  fresh  wound  free  from  infection 
and  to  convert  old  sores  to  a  healthy  condition,  causing  them  to  heal 
rapidly.  It  heals  without  forming  a  scab  and  in  nearly  every  instance 
prevents  scars.  "GILES"  promotes  a  rapid  growth  of  healthy,  tough 
hoof  and  is  the  most  potent  application  for  the  removal  of  fever  from 
the  feet  and  to  keep  them  in  healthy  condition.  It  is  the  best  eye  lo- 
tion ever  devised  and  will  prevent,  relieve  and  promptly  cure,  when  a 
cure  is  possible,  any  affection  of  the  eye. 

There  is  no  danger  of  an  overdose  and  it  may  be  administered  as 
frequently  as  necessary  without  danger  of  bad  after  effects. 

Size  of  the  dose  is  two  ounces  and  should  be  administered  at  the 
first  sign  of  the  animal's  ailing  from  any  cause  and  should  be  repeated 
as  frequently  as  necessary  to  prevent  development  of  serious  compli- 
cations, even  to  the  extent  of  every  10,  15  or  20  minutes  until  the  ani- 
mal shows  improvement,  then  less  often  until  the  condition  is  satisfac- 
tory.   There  is  no  danger  from  an  overdose. 

Give  rectal  injections  of  two  ounces  at  the  start  and  repeat  in  the 
proportion  of  one  to  every  five  or  six  by  the  mouth. 


HORSEWELFARE.  29 

Administer  by  the  nostrils  one  to  two  ounces  in  each  nostril  in  such 
a  way  that  it  will  carry  over  into  the  throat  whenever  the  seat  of  the 
trouble  is  known  to  be  in  the  air  passages. 

Note — There  is  positively  no  danger  in  giving  "GILES"  by  the 
nostrils.  Its  nature  is  such  that  it  is  incapable  of  harm  and  can  only 
afford  prompt  and  permanent  benefit. 

Externally — It  should  be  applied  as  promptly  as  possible  to  the  in- 
jured part  or  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  internal  trouble.  To  the 
chest  and  sides  in  pneumonia;  to  the  abdomen  between  the  legs  in  bowel, 
kidney  and  bladder  affections;  to  strains  and  bruises  liberally  with  con- 
siderable friction;  to  fresh  wounds  sparingly,  to  antiseptize;  to  the  seat 
of  abscesses  on  oakum  well  saturated;  to  the  coronet  in  case  of  sore- 
ness in  the  feet,  by  means  of  a  soaking  boot  and  oakum;  in  the  eye  full 
strength,  by  means  of  a  small,  soft  sponge  (care  being  taken  to  get  it 
well  into  the  eye)  and  liberally  to  the  throat  in  case  of  sore  throat, 
well  rubbed  in.  Be  sure  that  the  part  is  dry  before  applying  and  use  no 
water  in  connection  with  it  under  any  circumstances. 


HOW  TO  TREAT  A   COUGH. 

A  SLIGHT  derangement  of  the  blood  may  cause  the  mucous  mem- 
brane to  be  easily  susceptible  to  irritation  and  a  cough  develop 
on  slight  provocation.  It  may  be  the  forerunner  of,  or  incident  to 
numerous  ailments  and  complications.  Preceeding  other  symptoms,  it 
should  be  regarded  as  the  danger  signal  and  prompt  treatment  resorted 
to  to  prevent  further  trouble.  When  accompanying  other  ailments  the 
cause  will  be  removed  by  a  proper  cure. 

Chronic  cough  may  be  caused  by  dry  catarrh  in  the  head  following 
a  badly  treated  case  of  distemper  or  catarrhal  fever  or  by  an  accom- 
paniment of  bronchitis  (broken  wind)  or  asthma  (heaves). 

TREATMENT — No  matter  what  the  predisposing  cause  may  be, 
best  treatment  will  be  afforded  by  administering  one  to  two-ounce  doses 
of  "GILES"  by  the  nostrils  (see  page  23)   two  or  three  times  a  day. 


30  *' GILES. 


SOME  FACTS  ABOUT  THE 

ORGANS  OF  BREATHING. 

THE  passages  from  the  nostrils  open  into  a  cavity  called  the 
pharynx,  which  also  communicates  with  the  mouth  through  an 
opening  termed  the  isthmus,  over  which  the  soft  palate  is  sus- 
pended, like  a  valvular  curtain,  in  order  to  keep  it  shut,  except  during 
the  passage  of  food  and  water;  hence,  the  horse  is  unahle  to  breathe 
freely  through  the  mouth.  The  windpipe  or  trachea  opens  into  the 
pharynx  by  means  of  a  short,  cartilaginous  tube,  the  larjmx,  which  is 
the  organ  of  voice  and  is  situated  between  the  angles  of  the  branches 
of  the  lower  jaw.  When  it  is  inflammed,  we  have  laryngitis,  or  sore 
throat.  The  larynx  is  guarded  from  the  entrance  of  food,  water,  etc.,  by 
a  cartilaginous  valve  called  the  epiglottis,  over  which  the  mouthful  of 
food,  or  swallow  of  water  passes.  The  windpipe,  or  trachea,  is  an 
elastic  tube  formed  of  incomplete  cartilaginous  rings.  It  terminates  at 
the  base  of  the  heart  and  splits  into  two  tubes — the  right  and  left 
bronchi — which  respectively  go  to  the  right  and  left  lung.  These 
bronchi  further  subdivide  into  a  great  number  of  branches  called  the 
bronchia,  or  bronchial  tubes,  which  linally  open  into  the  air  cells  of  the 
lungs.  The  entire  ramification,  when  isolated,  has  the  appearance  of  a 
tree,  the  trachea  being  the  main  trunk,  the  bronchi  and  bronchial  tubes 
the  branches  and  the  air  cells  the  leaves.  The  nasal  passages,  the 
pharynx,  larynx  and  bronchial  tubes  are  lined  with  mucous  membrane. 
Thus  in  sore  throat  and  bronchitis  (inflammation  of  the  bronchial 
tubes),  we  have,  at  first,  a  dry  and  inflammed  condition  of  this  mucous 
membrane,  succeeded  by  an  increased  secretion  of  mucous. 

The  mucous  membrane  is  what  we  may  call  the  internal  skin  which 
lines  various  hollow  organs,  such  as  the  nostrils,  windpipe,  mouth,  gullet, 
stomach,  intestines,  eyelids,  interior  of  the  ears,  bladder  and  urethra. 
It  secretes  a  slimy  fluid  (mucous)  which  is  known  as  phlegm  when  it  is 
discharged  from  the  windpipe. 

The  lungs  are  composed  of  a  spongy  substance,  which  is  made  up 
of  a  vast  number  of  lobules  that  are  connected  together  and  kept  sepa- 
rate by  cellular  tissue.  Each  of  these  lobules  is  composed  of  many 
minute  air  cells  and  is  supplied  with  a  small  bronchial  tube  which  con- 
veys air  to  these  cells.  The  capillary  blood  vessels  are  distributed 
through  the  walls  of  the  air  cells,  so  that  while  the  air  in  one  cell  acts 
on  one  side  of  a  capillary,  the  air  in  the  adjoining  cells  acts  on  the  other 
side.  The  blood  thus  brought  into  close  proximity  with  the  air  contained 
in  the  cells,  while  traversing  their  walls,  takes  up  the  necessary  supply 


HORSEWELFARE.  31 

of  oxygen  for  the  requirements  of  the  system,  and,  on  its  return  to  the 
lungs,  gives  off  the  carbonic  acid  which  it  absorbed  from  the  various 
tissues.    The  skin,  to  a  small  extent,  also  excretes  carbonic  acid. 

The  pleurae  are  two  smooth  and  glistening  membranes  which  line 
the  cavity  of  the  chest  and  cover  the  lungs,  thus  forming  two  closed 
sacs;  their  office  being  to  prevent  friction  between  the  lungs  and  the 
walls  of  the  chest.  They  secrete  serous  fluid  with  which  to  lubricate 
their  inner  surface. — Strangeways'  Anatomy. 


IMPORTANCE  OF  CHILL 

CHILL  is  congestion  affecting  the  outer  circulation  and  is  caused 
by  a  constitutional  disturbance,  the  reactive  effect  of  excitement, 
over-exertion  or  exposure.  An  unhealthy  condition  of  the  blood 
and  consequent  impaired  general  circulation  are  conditions  conducive 
to  this  effect  on  the  system.  The  blood  recedes  from  the  surface  of  the 
body,  which  it  leaves  cold,  while  setting  up  internal  congestion  and 
fever.  Chill  affects  different  horses  in  an  indefinite  manner,  according 
to  their  state  of  body  or  constitution,  causing  coughs  or  colds,  rheuma- 
tism, fevers  or  inflammations  of  various  organs. 

Many  authorities  do  not  accord  the  importance  to  chill  that  it 
should  have.  Many  a  horse  would  be  saved  serious  illness  were  proper 
precautions  taken  to  treat  the  chill  as  soon  as  possible.  A  prompt  use 
of  "GILES"  as  soon  as  a  horse  is  exposed  will  stop  the  chill  and  arrest 
the  fever  of  which  it  is  a  precursor  or  accompanies  it. 

Treatment  for  chill  should  be  prompt  and  vigorous,  as  it  is  the  dan- 
ger signal,  the  forerunner  of  many  serious  ailments  and  complications. 

SYMPTOMS — Shivering,  staring  of  the  hair. 

TREATMENT— Give  promptly  4  to  6-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the 
mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces,  followed  by  2-ounce  doses  by 
the  mouth  every  ten  minutes  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  until  the 
animal  appears  comfortable.  Blanket  warmly  and  give  exercise  by 
walking  about  the  stable  without  exposure.  Should  treatment  not  be 
prompt  and  vigorous  enough  to  prevent  fever,  continue  as  directed  for 
fever. 


TREATMENT    OF    FEVER. 

FEVER  is  an  elevation  of  the  temperature  of  three  to  seven  de- 
grees. A  temperature  of  106  to  107  degrees  is  the  danger  point 
and  beyond  that  there  may  be  suffocation  and  death.  Fever  is  al- 
ways preceded  by  congestion  brought  on  by  some  constitutional  dis- 
turbance causing  chill,  although  the  chill  may  be  slight  and  unnoticed. 
If  properly  treated  with  "GILES"  fever  may  be  checked,  the  proper 
circulation  restored  and  inflammation  which  would  be  certain  to  result 
in  the  weakest  organ,  prevented.   Fever  is  sometimes  classed  as  simple 


32 


"GILES." 


fever,  barn  fever,  acclimating  fever  and  shipping  fever;  but  there  is  no 
distinguishable  difference  unless  accompanied  by  complications. 

TREATMENT — This  should  be  governed  by  the  intensity  of  the 
fever.  If  slight,  give  two  2-ounce  doses  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  in- 
jection of  2-ounces  at  the  start,  followed  by  2-ounce  doses  by  the  mouth 
every  hour  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount,  which  will 
serve  to  restore  normal  temperature  in  a  few  hours.  If  the  attack  is 
more  violent,  indicating  a  temperature  of  105  or  106  degrees,  2-ounce 
doses  should  be  administered  every  twenty  or  thirty  minutes,  with  occa- 
sional rectal  injections  of  2-ounces  until  the  temperature  is  reduced, 
when  the  doses  may  be  given  at  longer  intervals  until  the  fever  sub- 
sides. Temperature  of  the  horse  as  in  man  is  higher  at  about  5  o'clock 
p.  m.,  but  this  natural  manifestation  is  not  a  dangerous  condition.  Should 
there  be  symptoms  of  cold  and  sore  throat  the  temperature  will  remain 
at  about  102  degrees  until  these  complications  are  relieved. 

Fever  may  be  intermittent  and  frequency  of  the  doses  should  be  in- 
creased when  it  recurs  and  decreased  as  it  recedes. 


Tendon  of 
gastrocnemius  extenvas^ 


Perfcrtuis  tendon. . . 


Tibi 


Astragaius. . . 


Liuye  cuneiform 
Median.  cuneUumi, 


Large  nutntarsal 

( CaJWAHV) 


PerfaratUs  tendaiC 


Osoalcis 


.  ..Os  colds 

■Pcrroratas 
-FerfoTcuui 
••CivbouLbone> 


'-S-     ■■Small  cuna/vrok 


Small  splinVbcrt^ 


Inner  side  of  off  hock, , 


HORSEWELFARE.  33 


INFLUENZA  AND  AILMENTS 

OF  THE  AIR  PASSAGES. 

INFLUENZA — Under  this  head  it  is  proper  to  class  all  complica- 
tions affecting  the  air  passages  and  sympathetic  organs,  such  as 
Distemper,  Pink  Eye,  Catarrhal  Fever,  Laryngitis,  Pharyngitis, 
Sore  Throat,  Abdominal  or  Enteric  Influenza  and  Rheumatic  Influenza, 
all  of  which  are  a  more  or  less  aggravated  variety  of  the  same  general 
trouble.  The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  influenza  are  the  sudden- 
ness of  its  attack,  debility,  depression  and  rise  in  the  internal  tempera- 
ture, often  lOi  or  even  105  degrees.  At  the  outset  an  attack  is  not 
unfrequently  preceded  by  colicky  pains,  when  the  bowels  are  impli- 
cated. Constipation  is  generally  present,  although  diarrhea  or  profuse 
staling  may  occur,  under  which  conditions  recovery  is  likely  to  be  more 
rapid.  Stiffness  of  the  limbs  is  usually  followed  by  swelling.  The  cause 
being  congestion  and  the  serious  symptom  fever,  it  is  important  to  in- 
duce a  satisfactory  temperature  as  soon  as  possible,  at  the  same  time 
relieving  the  complications  and  removing  the  cause. 

TREATMENT — Commence  by  giving  4  to  6  ounces  of  "GILES" 
by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces.  Follow  this  up  by  2- 
ounce  doses  by  the  mouth  as  frequently  as  the  height  of  temperature 
suggests,  as  in  treatment  of  fever.  Relieve  any  attending  aggravated 
symptoms  or  complications  as  follows: 

DISTEMPER — This  is  the  simplest  form  of  influenza;  it  is  infec- 
tious and  contagious.  Colts  and  young  horses  in  particular  are  subjected 
to  it  and  when  it  starts  it  usually  goes  through  an  entire  stable  or  herd. 
It  can  be  prevented,  checked  and  promptly  cured  without  ill  after  ef- 
fects, which  are  so  frequent,  by  the  proper  timely  use  of  "GILES." 
Many  of  the  treatments  commonly  employed,  tend  to  dry  up  the  dis- 
charge from  the  nostrils  quickly,  leaving  the  animal  with  dry  catarrh 
of  the  head  and  unsound  of  wind. 

TREATMENT — The  fever  symptoms  being  cared  for  as  directed, 
injections  of  1  to  2-ounces  should  be  made' in  each  nostril.  (Page  23.) 
This  is  important,  both  as  a  preventive  and  a  cure,  and  should  be  re- 
peated two  or  three  times  a  day  as  the  severity  of  the  case  suggests. 
If  running  from  the  nostrils  has  not  yet  commenced,  it  may  by  this 
means  be  often  prevented,  and  if  the  discharge  has  already  commenced, 
the  congestion  and  inflammation  of  the  nasal  cavity  will  be  removed  as 
quickly  as  consistent  with  safety,  with  a  certainty  of  no  ill  after  ef- 
fects. 


34  "GILES." 

PINK  EYE — By  many  is  considered  a  dangerously  contagious  dis- 
ease. Long  experience  proves  that  it  is  Mt  an  aggravated  form  of  in- 
fluenza in  -which  the  memljranes  of  the  eyes  are  involved.  In  serious  and 
neglected  cases,  there  is  swelling  of  limbs,  loss  of  appetite,  high  tem- 
perature. There  is  intense  inflammation  in  the  head  and  the  brain  be- 
comes affected.  Many  of  the  sjrmptoms  are  similar  to  La  Grippe  in  a 
person,  and  a  micro-organism  akin  to  the  bacillus  which  Pfeffer  found 
in  the  phlegm  of  a  person  is  present,  but  cannot  be  communicated  from 
horse  to  man.  The  fever  symptoms  being  treated  with  "GILES"  as 
directed,  administer  1  to  2-ounce  doses  by  the  nostrils  as  directed  two 
or  three  times  daily.  Bathe  the  eyes  well  with  the  remedy,  taking  care 
that  a  liberal  amount  is  put  well  into  the  eye  with  a  small,  soft  sponge. 
Bathe  all  affected  parts  where  there  is  inflammation  and  pain.  Treat- 
ment should  be  continued  until  satisfactory  conditions  are  induced.  Give 
nourishing  food  as  in  fever. 

CATARRHAL  PEVER — Is  an  aggravated  form  of  distemper  and  is 
accompanied  hj  higher  temperature  and  more  stubborn  fever. 

Treatment — Vigorous  and  faithful  treatment  as  directed  in  distem- 
per should  be  pursued. 

PHARYNGITIS  (Sore  Throat) — This  is  a  complication  of  influenza 
in  which  the  pharynx  is  involved,  rendering  swallowing  difficult.  When 
the  attempt  is  made  a  watery  fluid  runs  from  the  nostrils,  often  accom- 
panied by  a  severe  cough. 

TREATMENT — Take  care  of  the  general  fever  symptoms  as  directed. 
Bathe  the  throat  well  with  "GILES." 

LARYNGITIS — This  is  a  complication  of  influenza  in  which  the 
larynx  is  involved  and  may  well  be  considered  the  most  serious  symptom 
of  this  trouble,  because  of  the  liability  of  strangles,  permanently  en- 
larged glands  and  purpura  (blood  poisoning).  The  common  practice  of 
blistering,  poulticing  and  use  of  sharp,  penetrating  liniments  is  often 
productive  of  great  harm.  Poulticing  of  the  part  hastens  the  forma- 
tion and  increases  the  size  of  abscesses.  Blistering  renders  the 
skin  tough  and  thick  and  is  often  the  cause  of  permanently  thickened 
glands  and  consequent  impaired  wind.  Tracheotomy  (tube  in  the  wind 
pipe)  is  frequently  resorted  to  when  the  breathing  becomes  difficult. 
There  is  but  slight  excuse  for  this  practice  except  in  very  rare  cases  and 
at  that  the  usefulness  and  value  of  the  animal  is  practically  destroyed. 
The  "GILES"  method  of  treatment  is  vastly  easier,  safer  and  produc- 
tive of  better  results. 

TREATMENT — Administer  1  to  2-ounc6  doses  of  "GILES"  by  the 
nostrils  as  directed,  two  or  three  times  a  day  (Page  23).  Bathe  the 
animal  from  ear  to  ear,  under  the  jaws  and  well  down  the  gullet,  well 
rubbed  in,  being  particular  to  use  plenty  of  gentle  friction.  This  bathing 
with  "GILES"  should  be  done  every  few  hours.  Should  an  abscess  form 
it  must  be  allowed  to  come  to  a  head  naturally.     The  administrations  by 


HORSEWELFARE.  35 

the  nostrils  shoiild  serve  to  care  for  any  symptoms  of  simple  strangles; 
but  should  the  complication  of  strangles  be  manifest,  relief  should  be 
afforded  by  swabbing  the  throat.     (Page  *25.) 

ABDOMINAL  OR  ENTERIC  INFLUENZA—This  is  a  complication 
of  influenza  in  which  the  bowels  and  intestines  are  involved.  Taken  at 
the  rectum,  the  temperature  will  show  very  high — 105°,  106°  and  some- 
times 107°  in  aggravated  cases.  There  is  but  slight  distension  of  the 
nostrils,  indicating  that  the  bowels  are  the  seat  of  the  trouble.  The  in- 
testines are  in  a  much  inflammed  condition  and  any  medicine  given  which 
is  in  the  least  irritating  is  likely  to  cause  serious  results.  It  is  safe  to 
believe  that  when  this  complication  of  influenza  occurs  it  is  occasioned  by 
a  debilitated  condition  of  the  liver,  brought  on  by  purging  with  Bar- 
badoes  aloes.  To  administer  anything  in  the  treatment  of  this  trouble 
which  would  tend  to  further  disturb  the  liver  or  in  the  least  irritate  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestines  which  are  already  inflamed,  is  likely 
to  prove  disastrous.  "GILES"  being  cooling,  soothing  and  absolutely 
non-irritating,  is  the  best  possible  treatment  and  if  properly  used  as 
directed  will  prove  promptly  effective. 

SYMPTOMS — Are  so  apparent  thoy  need  hardly  be  described.  There 
is  diarrhea  an  offensive  odor  from  the  excrement;  bilious  red  color  of 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  eyes  and  nostrils.  There  is  often  a  tinge 
of  yellow  in  the  mouth  indicating  that  the  liver  is  disturbed.  The  ther- 
mometer will  indicate  very  high  temperature  w^hen  taken  by  the  rectum; 
but  as  the  slight  distension  of  the  nostrils  will  serve  to  prove,  there  is 
very  little  fever  forward. 

TREATMENT— The  difficulty  being  in  the  rear,  treatment  should  be 
principally  confined  to  the  rectum,  the  most  direct  approach  to  the  seat 
of  the  trouble.  Give  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth  every 
two  or  three  hours  unless  there  be  symptoms  of  sore  throat,  then  give 
one  of  these  doses  by  the  nostrils.  Rectal  injections  of  2-ounces  should 
be  administered  at  least  every  hour  and  continued  until  the  offensive 
smell  leaves  the  excrement  and  the  evacuations  are  of  a  watery  nature. 
When  this  condition  occurs,  it  may  be  taken  as  a  change  for  the  better 
and  injections,  given  less  frequently  until  full  recovery.  Bathing  the 
abdomen  between  the  hind  legs  will  be  beneficial.  Should  rheumatic 
symptoms  show  in  joints  or  swelling  of  the  legs  occur,  the  parts  should 
be  bathed  with  "GILES"  and  gentle  friction  applied.  It  will  also  be 
well  to  apply  cotton  to  the  limbs  below  the  knees  and  hocks  held  in 
place  by  loose  bandages.  Two-ounce  doses  should  be  continued  two  or 
three  times  a  day,  with  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  as  a 
tonic,  conditioner  and  vitalizer. 

STRANGLES — Is  a  complication  arising  from  neglected  or  badly 
treated  sore  throat,  pharyngitis,  laryngitis  or  catarrhal  influenza.  Its 
effects  are  similar  to  that  of  ctuinsy  in  a  person  with  swelling  of  the 
lymphatic  glands  between  the  angles  of  the  lower  jaw  and  often  ex- 
tending some  distance  down  the  windpipe.  There  may  be  suppuration 
of  the   glands  and  blood  poison  in  serious  cases.    It  more  commonly 


36 


GILES." 


occurs  in  horses  under  six  years  old,  although  those  of  any  age  may  be 
affected.  It  is  an  infectious  ailment  induced  by  a  specific  germ  poison. 
If  not  effectually  treated  complications  may  extend  to  other  organs. 

SYMPTOMS — The  most  serious  symptoms  which  appear  are  swelling 
of  the  throat,  coughing  and  difficulty  of  hreathing.  The  horse  being 
unable  to  breathe  through  the  mouth,  any  stoppage  of  the  air  passages 
causes  great  distress  and  prompt  relief  is  important.  Tracheotomy  is 
often  resorted  to  for  relief,  but  there  is  little  excuse  for  this  operation 
which  usually  results  disastrously. 

TREATMENT — If  any  of  the  ailments  which  generally  accompany 
strangles  be  properly  treated  with  "GILES,"  no  strangles  will  result. 
In  the  early  stages,  administering  1  to  2-ounce  doses  properly  by  the 
nostrils  will  afford  relief.  If  in  advanced  stages,  more  effective  measures 
should  be  resorted  to.  The  animal  should  have  the  throat  promptly 
swabbed.  This  operation  should  be  repeated  at  intervals  until  effectively 
relieved.  The  swelling  of  the  throat  should  be  freely  and  well  rubbed 
in  to  its  full  extent  and  this  treatment  repeated  several  times  a  day 
until  the  swellings  are  completely  reduced.  Keep  proper  temperature 
by  administering  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  as  directed  for  fever.  A 
temperature  of  101°  to  102°  need  not  be  considered  an  alarming  con- 
dition during  recovery.  Tonic  doses  of  2-ounces  two  or  three  times  a  day 
should  be  given  during  convalescence. 


Position  of  bog  spavin, 
indicated  by- doited  line. 


HORSEWELFARE.  37 


AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  LUNGS 

AND  BRONCHIAL  TUBES. 

THE  lungs  are  rarely  affected  without  the  bronchial  tubes  and 
pleurae  being  also  affected.  Complications  of  the  organs  of 
breathing  generally  follow  a  chill,  although  the  chill  may  be  so 
slight  as  to  be  hardly  perceptible;  but  a  condition  of  inflammation  in 
one  organ  may  extend  to  another  in  its  immediate  vicinity  As,  for  in- 
stance, if  the  pharynx  or  larjmx  are  involved,  strangles  may  result  and 
the  inflammation  may  be  communicated  to  the  bronchial  tubes,  lungs 
and  pleurae.  Hence  it  is  important  that  vigorous  treatment  be  resorted 
to  as  early  as  possible  to  prevent  these  complications  and  to  remove  the 
congestion  of  the  parts,  which  must  be  accomplished  before  cure  can 
be  effected.  Many  of  the  ailments  affecting  these  organs  are  of  the 
epizootic  type.  (The  term  epizootic  applied  to  animals  is  the  same  as 
epidemic  in  the  human  race.)  It  should  be  considered  that  ill  ventilated, 
damp  and  draughty  stables  are  conducive  to  these  troubles  and  in  them 
recovery  is  more  difficult. 

Generally  in  these  ailments,  the  horse  refuses  to  lie  down,  the 
bow^els  are  costive  and  there  is  an  appearance  of  mucous  in  the  excre- 
ment, which  is  a  sure  indication  of  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines.  Therefore  nothing  whatever  of  an  irritating 
nature  should  be  administered.  It  is  for  this  very  reason  that  "GILES" 
is  the  best  possible  treatment  that  can  be  employed,  as  it  acts  as  a  gentle 
alterative,  allays  irritation  and  relieves  the  costive  condition. 

The  rate  of  breathing  in  a  horse  is  more  regular  than  in  other  ani- 
mals the  respirations  being  12  to  13  per  minute,  which  increases  in  these 
troubles,  but  the  peculiarity  of  the  respiratory  action  is  more  to  be  con- 
sidered than  its  frequency.  It  is  well  understood  that  affections  of  the 
organs  of  breathing  are  of  germ  origin.  Some  are  contagious,  others 
infectious  while  others  are  caused  by  the  peculiar  conditions  affecting 
the  patient.  Dr.  Andrew  Smith  brings  forward  strong  proof  that  pneu- 
monia is  a  process  of  germ  culture  in  the  air  cells. 

PNEUMONIA — (Inflammation  of  the  lungs,  erroneously  termed  lung 
fever).  This  ailment  is  a  condition  of  inflammation  of  the  substance  of 
the  lungs  following  congestion.  The  blood  pressure  in  severe  cases  may 
be  so  great  as  to  cause  hemorrhage.  If  allowed  to  run  its  course,  there 
are  three  stages:  Engorgement  of  the  blood,  consolidation  of  the  in- 
flammatory products  of  the  lung  tissue,  softening  or  breaking  up  of  these 
products.     The  accompanying  fever  may  be  fatal  during  the  first  or  sec- 


38  "GILES." 

ond  stages  through  suffocation  and  may  kill  in  the  third  stage  by  blood 
poisoning  owing  to  the  absorption  of  diseased  material  thrown  off  by 
the  lungs. 

SYMPTOMS — Dullness,  high  fever,  accompanied  by  fits  of  shivering, 
quick  pulse,  often  over  80  per  minute,  respiration  45  to  50  per  minute, 
(normal  rate  while  at  rest  12  to  13),  no  marked  pain  unless  accompanied 
by  pleurisy,  temperature  105°  to  106V2°  which  may  continue  five  or  six 
days  unless  relieved.  Cough  at  first  is  sometimes  present;  membranes 
and  eyelids  red  and  congested  and  frequently  tinged  yellow  with  bile; 
eyes  bloodshot. 

Effective  treatment  will  cause  the  exudation  to  be  absorbed  before 
consolidation,  the  second  stage,  sets  in  and  the  lungs  will  recover  their 
normal  condition. 

TREATMENT — The  beginning  dose  of  "GILES"  should  be  four 
to  six  ounces  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  two  ounces,  fol- 
lowed by  two  ounce  doses  by  the  mouth  every  twenty  to  thirty  minutes 
until  five  or  six  doses  are  given.  After  which,  a  dose  every  hour  may 
be  administered  provided  the  patient  shows  signs  of  improvement;  but 
the  frequency  and  amount  given  must  be  governed  by  the  conditions. 
Eectal  injections  should  be  continued  from  one  to  two  hours  during  the 
first  days  of  treatment.  Remember  there  is  no  danger  from  an  overdose 
of  "GILES." 

PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA — This  ailment  describes  a  condition  in 
which  the  pleurae  (which  lies  between  the  walls  of  the  chest  and  the 
lungs)  becomes  very  much  involved,  causing  it  to  become  dry  and  hot, 
a  friction  sound  resembling  that  of  two  dry  pieces  of  bladder  rubbed 
together  may  be  heard,  caused  by  contact  of  the  dry  pleurae  at  every 
respiration  from  the  chest.  After  an  attack  of  this  ailment  there  is 
always  an  infusion  of  serous  fluid  into  the  pleurae  which  constitutes 
water  on  the  chest   (hydro-thorax)   in  varying  quantity. 

SYMPTOMS — This  complication  is  usually  observed  on  the  right 
side  of  the  chest.  At  first  there  are  symptoms  resembling  colic,  in  severe 
cases,  the  pain  being  constant  owing  to  the  inflammatory  fever.  The 
attack  is  more  frequently  preceded  by  shivering.  There  is  considerable 
distress  and  the  animal  is  disinclined  to  move,  and  if  turned  quickly 
there  is  an  increase  of  pain.  The  animal  endeavors  to  breathe  as  much 
as  possible  with  the  abdominal  muscles  and  not  by  movement  of  the  ribs. 
Nostrils  are  dilated  and  there  is  often  a  short,  dry  and  suppressed  cough. 
If  the  ailment  is  allowed  to  proceed  to  the  second  stage,  the  fever  abates 
somewhat  and  the  pain  decreases,  that  is,  if  there  has  been  an  infusion 
of  serous  fluid,  causing  hydro-thorax  or  dropsy  of  the  chest,  and  breath- 
ing becomes  accelerated  owing  to  the  impediment  offered  by  the  fluid  to 
the  expansion  of  the  lungs.  A  dull  sound  will  be  observed  on  tapping 
the  part  with  the  tips  of  the  fingers  when  there  is  a  deposit  of  serous 
fluid. 

The  almost  universal  practice  of  applying  blisters  and  sharp,  pene- 
trating liniments  to  the  chest  and  sides  in  the  treatment  of  this  ailment, 


HORSE     WELFARE.  ^  S9 

will,  upon  consideration,  be  seen  to  be  the  utmost  folly,  and  cannot  be 
excused  on  the  plea  of  counter-irritation,  as  it  comes  in  such  close  con- 
tact to  the  pleurae  that  it  only  aggravates  the  trouble.  On  the  contrary 
liberal  application  of  "GILES"  to  the  chest  and  sides  which  opens  the 
pores  and  induces  sweating  and  aids  absorption,  will  be  recognized  as 
the  correct  principle  of  treatment,  and  furthermore  it  causes  no  pain  or 
suffering  to  the  aflaicted  animal,  as  it  is  cooling  and  soothing. 

A  little  thought  will  serve  to  show  the  fallacy  of  giving  purgatives 
or  any  medicine  of  an  irritating  nature  during  the  treatment  of  any 
of  the  ailments  affecting  the  organs  of  breathing  as  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines  is  in  close  sympathy  with  those  organs  and  are 
naturally  in  a  more  or  less  inflamed  condition.  The  use  of  "GILES" 
will  have  a  cooling  and  soothing  effect  on  the  bowels  and  will  serve  to 
keep  them  in  a  sufftciently  laxative  condition  and  aid  the  excretion  of 
waste  matter. 

TREATMENT — As  the  condition  of  the  lungs  in  pleuro-pneumonia 
is  the  same  as  in  pneumonia,  "GILES"  should  be  administered  as  in- 
dicated in  instructions  for  pneumonia.  The  remedy  should  also  be  ap- 
plied to  the  chest  and  sides  and  well  rubbed  in.  If  the  hair  is  long  it 
should  be  removed  from  the,  part  by  clipping. 

BRONCHITIS — (Inflammation  of  the  bronchial  tubes).  Causing 
solidification  of  the  lymph  thrown  out,  which  obstructs  the  air  passages, 
as  indicated  by  the  animal  showing  difficulty  in  breathing. 

TREATMENT — General  treatment  with  "GILES"  should  be  the 
same  as  in  pneumonia  and  pleuro-pneumonia;  but  in  addition  to  being 
administered  by  the  mouth,  it  should  also  be  given  by  the  nostrils — one 
to  two  ounces  in  each  nostril,  two  or  three  times  a  day.  (When  given 
by  the  nostrils,  the  dose  by  mouth  may  be  omitted  for  that  time.)  (See 
directions  for  giving  "GILES"  by  the  nostrils  on  page  23.) 

NURSING — In  treating  the  above  ailments  the  care  of  the  animal 
is  very  important,  which  should,  if  possible,  be  kept  in  a  comfortable, 
well  ventilated  box  stall,  free  from  draughts  and  dampness,  warmly 
blanketed  that  the  skin  may  act  freely,  the  legs  hand  rubbed  and 
"GILES"  applied  to  aid  circulation.  The  patient  should  also  be  kept 
quiet  with  plenty  of  cold  water  to  drink.  The  food  should  consist  of 
bran  mashes  with  salt.  If  the  animal  shows  good  appetite,  a  small 
amount  of  steamed  oats  may  be  added. 


40  "GILES." 


SHIPPING   AILMENTS- 
HOW   TO   PREVENT   AND   CURE. 

THE  transportation  of  horses  by  rail  or  ship  subjects  them  to  severe 
nervous  strain  and  is  almost  certain  to  develop  any  inherent  con- 
stitutional weakness  into  a  serious  ailment  and  even  those  in 
prime  condition  of  health  are,  through  retention  of  the  urine  and  lack  of 
proper  action  of  the  bowels,  prone  to  develop  congestion  which  manifests 
itself  in  chill,  followed  by  fever  and  with  more  or  less  serious  complica- 
tions, depending  on  the  constitutional  condition.  Ailments  thereby  de- 
veloped are  commonly  considered  of  a  different  nature  from  other  ail- 
ments, when  in  reality  they  are  attended  by  the  same  symptoms  and  no 
wise  differ  from  those  contracted  under  other  conditions.  Laminitis 
and  pneumonia  are  ailments  common  to  horses  which  are  subjected  to 
poor  ventilation  and  long  standing  on  ship  board,  while  fever  and  the 
complication  of  influenza  commonly  follow  chill  contracted  in  shipping 
by  rail.  Little  attention  being  given  en  route  to  horses  shipped  by  rail, 
the  ailment  is  often  well  advanced  when  unloaded  and  is  manifest  by 
thickened  wind,  or  cough  caused  by  a  cold,  or  by  fever  of  greater  or  less 
degree.  Ofttimes  pneumonia  of  so  severe  a  nature  as  to  cause  hemorrhage, 
prevails 

Symptoms  should  be  noted  and  treated  according  to  directions  for 
coughs,  colds,  fever,  pneumonia,  laminitis,  etc. 

PREVENTION — Administrations  of  4  to  6-ounces  of  "GILES" 
(according  to  size)  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2  to  i-ounces 
upon  loading  (either  on  cars  or  shipboard),  will  serve  to  preserve  an 
equable  circulation,  prevent  congestion  and  keep  the  bowels  and  urinary 
organs  in  normal  condition.  All  possible  attention  should  be  given  them 
en  route,  and  if  any  signs  of  undue  uneasiness  manifests  itself,  efforts 
should  be  made  to  administer  more  of  the  remedy,  and  if  conditions  pre- 
vent regular  treatment  a  liberal  amount  should  be  given,  4  to  6  or  8 
ounces  at  one  time.  This  will  serve  to  greatly  relieve  the  animal's  con- 
dition. Upon  being  unloaded  and  before  being  given  either  feed  or  water, 
all  should  have  administered  to  them  4  to  6-ounces  by  the  mouth  and  a 
rectal  injection  of  2  to  4-ounces,  and  those  in  which  symptoms  of  fever 
or  inflammation  have  developed  should  be  given  prompt  and  thorough 
treatment,  as  directed.  If  a  horse  shows  signs  of  impaired  wind,  caused 
by  a  cold,  the  remedy  should  be  administered  by  the  nostrils  (page  23), 
which  will  afford  quick  relief.  Bruises,  wounds  and  sprains  should  be 
treated  as  directed  for  those  troubles. 


HORSEWELFARE.  41 

ACCLIMATING — Changes  in  surroundings,  feed,  water  and  climate 
act  as  disturbing  elements  to  the  general  health  of  the  horse,  especially 
when  moved  by  rail  or  water,  with  attending  excitement.  Nostalgia 
(homesickness)  as  a  factor  in  the  unnatural  condition,  is  believed  by 
many.  These  conditions  must  produce  constitutional  disturbance  which 
will  be  manifest  in  more  or  less  serious  symptoms  depending  on  the  gen- 
eral condition  of  health.  The  reputation  of  "GILES"  as  a  preventive 
and  cure  in  all  ailments  incident  to  the  acclimation  of  green  horses  is 
firmly  established.  If  it  be  properly  used  before  symptoms  of  ailment 
develop  it  will  have  the  eifect  of  keeping  the  animal  on  his  feed,  of 
allaying  excitement  and  nervousness  and  make  him  capable  of  moderate 
exercise  or  work  every  day. 

TREATMENT — Give  a  constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  of 
"GILES"  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  once 
a  day  for  several  days.  When  there  are  indications  that  the  horse  has 
become  accustomed  to  his  new  surroundings  and  indicates  a  good  ap- 
petite the  remedy  may  be  given  less  frequently;  but  it  is  important  that 
a  2-ounce  dose  be  given  immediately  after  coming  in  from  work  or  exer- 
cise to  prevent  congestion,  also  that  an  occasional  rectal  injection  be 
given.  Should  cough,  chill  or  fever  develop,  prompt  and  vigorous  treat- 
ment should  be  accorded  as  directed  for  these  ailments. 


ASTHMA   OR  HEAVES. 

THIS  common  ailment  is  a  chronic  condition  which  is  characterized 
by  paroxysms  of  difficult  breathing  at  more  or  less  regular  inter- 
vals. It  is  very  similar  to  asthma  in  a  person  and  is  accompanied 
by  a  condition  of  weakness  of  the  heart.  It  is  chiefly  caused  by  irritation 
of  the  bronchial  tubes  entering  the  lungs,  which  becomes  chronic,  leav- 
ing them  thickened  and  reducing  the  capacity  of  the  air  passages.  Not 
all  difficulty  in  breathing  is  attributable  to  this  cause  however.  By  far 
the  greater  number  of  causes  of  difficult  breathing  will  be  found  in  per- 
manently enlarged  glands  and  dry  catarrh  in  the  head.  It  is  charac- 
teristic of  this  ailment  that  horses  suffering  from  it  rarely  contract  any 
other  ailment,  such  as  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  pneumonia  or  influ- 
enza.    It  generally  affects  aged  horses  only. 

SYMPTOMS — Asthma  (heaves)  is  distinguished  by  slower  expira- 
tion than  inspiration,  in  contrast  to  the  difficulty  in  breathing  caused  by 
bronchitis  or  pneumonia.  There  is  usually  no  discharge  from  the  nose, 
and  a  cough  of  more  or  less  violence  generally  accompanies  it. 

TREATMENT— As  a  full  condition  of  the  stomach  interferes  with 
the  action  of  the  lungs,  relief  is  afforded  by  feeding  sparingly  of  damp- 
ened hay,  keeping  the  manger  free  from  dust  and  administering 
"GILES"  in  1  to  2-ounce  doses  by  the  nostrils  (page  23)  twice  a  day, 
preferably  before  and  after  exercise.  Radical  cures  have  been  accom- 
plished by  its  free   and  long  continued  use;   but  we  do  not  claim  its 


42  "GILES." 

accomplishment  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  Usually  horses  affected 
with  this  trouble  are  of  an  age  which  does  not  justify  the  necessary  time 
and  expense.  It  has  frequently  occurred  that  a  horse  affected  with  a 
well  defined  case  of  asthma  (heaves),  having  contracted  inflammation  of 
the  lungs,  pneumonia  or  influenza  and  cured  with  "GILES,"  was  found 
to  be  entirely  cured  of  this  chronic  ailment,  also. 


OZAENA  OR  NASAL  GLEET. 

NASAL  GLEET  is  a  chronic  ailment  which  frequently  follows  a 
neglected  or  badly  treated  case  of  catarrhal  influenza.  Ulcers 
form  on  the  mucous  membrane  in  the  air  passages  of  the  head, 
which  are  infested  with  germs.  There  is  a  constant  discharge  from  one 
or  both  nostrils,  but  most  frequently  from  the  left.  In  the  early  stages 
the  discharge  may  be  slight  and  watery;  but  becomes  thicker  and  has 
an  offensive  smell,  if  proper  treatment  is  not  afforded.  In  cases  of  long 
standing  the  bones  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ulcers  become  involved,  in 
which  case  the  ailment  is  difficult  of  cure.  Pus  settles  in  the  cavities  of 
the  bones  which  become  diseased  and  eaten  away.  In  the  advanced, 
chronic  state  this  ailment  is  often  taken  for  glanders;  but  an  expert 
should  be  able  to  readily  distinguish  the  difference.  If  the  ailments 
which  usually  precede  nasal  gleet  are  properly  treated  this  difficulty  is 
prevented.  In  its  early  stages,  before  the  bones  become  affected,  it  is 
amenable  to  proper  treatment  with  "GILES."  If  an  operation  on  the 
bones  becomes  necessary,  "GILES"  will  afford  the  best  possible  means 
of  destroying  germ  poisons  and  put  the  diseased  parts  in  a  healthy  con- 
dition. 

SYMPTOMS — If  distemper  and  catarrhal  influenza  affecting  the  air 
passages  of  the  head  be  neglected  or  treated  with  remedies  which  have  a 
tendency  to  dry  up  the  discharge  rather  than  remove  the  cause,  a  watery, 
yellowish  discharge,  generally  from  the  left  nostril,  appears  after  it  is 
thought  a  cure  has  been  accomplished.  This  discharge  is  from  improp- 
erly cured  ulcers  on  the  mucous  membrane  lining  of  the  air  passages  of 
the  head,  and  if  proper  treatment  is  not  promptly  afforded  will  increase 
and  assume  a  bad  smell. 

TREATMENT— Administer  1  or  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by 
each  nostril  two  or  three  times  a  day  (page  23)  and  give  constitutional 
treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  twice  daily,  with  rectal  injections  of  2-ounces 
once  or  twice  a  day.  If  the  eyes  are  affected,  as  will  be  indicated  by  a 
watery  discharge,  bathe  with  the  remedy,  using  a  small  sponge,  and  see 
that  some  of  it  gets  well  into  the  eyes. 


HORSE     WELFARE.  43 

DRY    CATARRH    OF    THE    HEAD. 

IT  frequently  occurs  that  the  after  effects  of  improperly  treated 
distemper  or  nasal  catarrh  lesult  in  ulcers  on  the  mucous  mem-' 
brane  of  the  air  passages  of  the  head  of  a  dry  character,  that  is, 
the  discharge  is  so  slight  that  it  does  not  run  from  the  nostrils.  This 
accumulation  collects  in  the  passages  and  affects  the  breathing  of  the 
animals,  often  causing  them  to  be  considered  of  unsound  wind.  When 
first  taken  out  for  exercise  they  evince  considerable  difficulty  in  breath- 
ing; but  after  snorting  and  coughing,  thereby  clearing  the  head,  they 
breathe  more  freely.  It  is  frequently  the  case  that  this  difficulty  in 
breathing  is  attributed  to  asthma  (heaves).  For  this  trouble  "GILES" 
will  afford  prompt  and  effective  relief. 

TREATMENT — Administer  1  or  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by 
each  nostril  (page  23)  before  and  after  exercise,  and  if  exercise  is  not 
given  administer  the  remedy  by  the  nostrils  morning  and  evening.  Keep 
the  manger  free  from  dust  and  feed  dampened  hay. 


AFFECTIONS   OF  THE  WIND. 

THICK  WIND,  BROKEN  WIND  AND  ROARING— These  ailments 
are  annoying  and  more  or  less  affect  the  animal's  value  and  use- 
fulness. They  may  occur  from  various  causes  other  than  thick- 
ened glands,  dry  catarrh  of  the  head  or  asthma,  as  hereinbefore  de- 
scribed, such  as  emphysema  of  the  lungs,  a  condition  of  passive  conges- 
tion affecting  the  air  cells  and  cellular  tissues,  preventing  the  air  from 
being  fully  exhausted  at  each  expiration,  paralysis  of  the  muscles  which 
operate  the  larynx,  the  after  affects  of  the  operation  of  tracheotomy 
(tube  in  the  windpipe)  and  the  after  effects  of  poisons,  as  any  of  these 
troubles  may  be  brought  about  by  improper  treatment  or  neglect  of  ail- 
ments affecting  the  organs  of  breathing. 

TREATMENT — No  matter  what  the  predisposing  cause  may  be, 
best  treatment  will  be  afforded  by  administering  1  or  2-ounce  doses  of 
"GILES"  by  the  nostrils  (page  23)  two  or  three  times  a  day. 


HALF  THE  HORSE— THE  HEART. 

WEAK  HEART — The  influence  exerted  by  a  strong  or  weak  heart 
over  every  action  of  the  horse,  is  assuredly  not  properly  under- 
stood or  considered  by  horsemen  in  general.  The  saying  that  the 
heart  isjialf  the  horse,  is  true  and  too  careful  consideration  cannot  be 
given  the  condition  of  this  important  organ.  Of  what  use  would  an  ath- 
lete be  with  a  weak  heart?  What  is  gameness  and  stamina  but  strength 
Of  heart?  A  horse  may  go  a  good  race  on  three  legs  if  he  has  a  strong 
h^art.  Those  whose  strength  of  heart  is  impaired,  are  termed  "dogs," 
"dubs"  and  are  said  to  have  a  "yellow  streak."   The  ability  of  man  or 


44  "GILES." 

other  animal  to  withstand  fatigue  is  surely  gauged  by  their  strength  of 
heart.  The  truth  of  this  will  be  so  clearly  apparent  that  no  argument  is 
necessary. 

Weak  heart  is  in  a  great  majority  of  cases  directly  responsible  for 
the  failure  of  speed  horses,  driving  horses  and  work  horses,  to  make 
good.  This  statement  being  incontrovertible,  why  should  not  more  at- 
tention be  given  to  promoting  strength  of  heart?  To  dose  a  horse  with 
narcotic  drugs,  the  effects  of  which  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  is  to 
positively  paralyze  and  corrode  the  arteries  and  valves  of  the  heart, 
cannot  fail  of  deleterious  result  in  exact  proportion  to  the  extent  in 
which  they  are  given  in  the  treatment  of  fever.  Nine-tenths  of  the  de- 
fects in  a  horse's  wind  is  directly  traceable  to  a  weakened  heart. 

The  strongest  argument  possible  in  favor  of  "GILES"  with  any 
intelligent  and  thinking  man,  is  the  fact  that  it  does  not  weaken,  but 
positively  strengthens  the  heart  and  at  the  same  time  will  reduce  tem- 
perature as  quick  or  quicker  than  any  other  treatment  on  earth.  Its 
well-known  effectiveness  as  a  speed  sustainer  when  given  to  harness 
horses  between  heats  and  the  fact  positive  that  it  will  act  always  to 
revive  an  animal  which  is  suffering  from  collapse,  the  result  of  over 
exertion  or  any  other  cause  and  the  further  fact  that  it  produces  no 
reactive  effect,  is  proof  positive  of  its  wonderful  effectiveness.  If  due 
consideration  were  given  this  subject  by  horse  owners,  little  of  the  drugs 
commonly  used  to  reduce  a  horse's  temperature  would  be  employed. 

The  late  Monroe  Salisbury,  than  whom  there  was  no  better  judge 
of  a  horse's  condition,  the  effects  of  treatment  and  his  ability  to  do, 
said:  "I  would  prefer  to  take  chances  for  the  cure  of  the  most  desperate 
case  of  fever  with  "GILES,"  than  to  have  a  cure  guaranteed  with 
other  treatments;  because,  cured  with  "GILES,"  the  horse  will  come 
out  with  a  stronger  heart  than  before  and  able  to  do  all  that  he  ever 
could  as  soon  as  his  general  condition  permitted.  Whereas,  a  horse  cured 
otherv>^ise  is  knocked  out  for  the  balance  of  the  season,  if  not  for  all 
time. ' ' 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  effects  of  the  common  treatment  of 
fever,  in  Severe  cases,  is  to  leave  the  animal  practically  useless  for  any 
purpose  except  to  sell. 

TO  PREVENT  WEAK  HEART— Use  "GILES"  faithfuly  as  di- 
rected in  the  treatment  of  all  cases  in  which  fever  is  a  symptom. 

TREATMENT — When  a  horse's  inability  to  perform  a  reasonable 
amount  of  work  or  withstand  ordinary  exertion  indicates  a  constitu- 
tional weakness,  it  may  safely  be  attributed  to  weakness  of  the  heart. 
It  is  a  well  authenticated  fact  that  constitutional  treatment  with 
"GILES"  faithfully  used  and  if  long  enough  continued,  will  in  most 
cases  restore  the  strength  of  heart,  and  that  if  freely  administered  to 
an  animal  which  is  suffering  from  over  exertion,  the  effect  of  weak 
heart,  it  will  quickly  revivify  him.  Treatment  for  chronic  weak  heart 
should  be  two  to  three  2-ounce  doses  of  ' '  GILES ' '  daily,  with  a  2-ounce 


HORSEWELFARE.  45 


rectal  injection  every  other  day.  One  of  the  doses  and  the  rectal  injec- 
tion should  be  given  when  the  horse  comes  in  from  work  or  exercise. 

For  an  acute  attack,  give  immediately  two  or  three  2-ounce  doses 
by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces.  If  the  animal  is  soon 
to  be  used  again,  as  in  starting  another  heat  of  a  race,  he  should  be 
walked  about  during  the  cooling  out  process  and  be  given  a  1-ounce 
dose  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  before  starting. 

Ifote — "GILES"  positively  produces  no  reactive  effect. 


THUMPS    AND   WEAK   HEART. 

THUMPS— (Spasms  ef  the  Diaphragm.)  This  trouble  is  the  effect 
of  over  exertion  on  a  weakened  heart.  In  nearly  every  case  it 
is  traceable  to  the  use  of  narcotic  drugs,  aconite,  digitalis  or  tar 
products  in  the  treatment  of  fever,  from  the  evil  influences  of  which  it 
requires  years  to  recover,  if  ever.  Many  notable  and  well  authenticated 
cases  are  on  record,  however,  in  which  a  thorough  course  of  treatment 
with  "GILES"  has  fully  restored  the  strength  of  heart  and  returned 
the  animal  to  an  absolute  condition  of  soundess,  capable  of  the  most 
severe  and  repeated  exertion. 

TREATMENT — Constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounces  of  "GILES" 
two  01  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  once  a 
day  will  prevent  the  spasmodic  action  affecting  the  diaphragm,  known 
as  thumps.  One  of  the  doses  should  be  given  just  previous  to  exercise 
and  the  other  directly  after.  The  rectal  injection  is  best  given  after  exer- 
cise. When  thumps  occur  2-ounce  doses  should  be  administered  every  20 
to  30  minutes,  until  three  or  four  doses  are  given  or  the  horse  greatly 
relieved.  Then  every  one  to  two  hours  until  fully  returned  to  a  normal 
condition. 

WEAK  HEART — ^When  a  horse's  heart  is  found  to  be  in  a  weak- 
ened condition  and  he  is  unable  to  "carry  his  speed"  or  sustain  reason- 
ably prolonged  exertion,  it  will  generally  be  found  that  he  has  been 
dosed  with  the  narcotic  drugs  commonly  used  and  the  weak  heart  is  due 
to  their  after  effects. 

TREATMENT — Regular  constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses 
two  or  three  times  a  day  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like 
amount  once  a  day,  with  moderate  exercise  and  good  care,  will  in  due 
time  restore  the  normal  strength  of  heart  in  nearly  every  case.  Care 
should  be  taken  that  the  horse  is  not  worked  beyond  his  strength  and  the 
treatment  must  be  fully  and  thoroughly  pursued. 


46  "GILES." 


PURPURA,   BLOOD   POISONING, 

SYMPTOMS    AND    TREATMENT. 

PURPURA  H.a;MORRHAGICA  (Petechial  Fever) — Is  a  special 
form  of  blood  poisoning  which  first  manifests  itself  in  the  mucous 
membranes  and  may  occur  in  any  part  of  the  body  where  un- 
healthy conditions  exist.  It  is  a  result  of  a  condition  of  the  blood  caus- 
ing a  constitutional  taint  or  weakness  superinduced  by  germ  poisons. 
Authorities  are  not  agreed  as  to  the  particular  germ  which  affects  the 
blood,  causing  decomposition,  the  red  blood  corpuscles  to  shrivel  up  and 
the  watery  constituents  to  separate  themselves  so  that  the  blood  will  not 
coagulate.  The  breaking  up  of  the  red  blood  corpuscles  furnishes  the 
coloring  matter  which  tints  the  membranes.  The  watery  substance  set- 
tles in  the  affected  part  which  causes  the  swellings,  poisons  the  tissues 
and  may  produce  septicaemia  or  pyaemia.  This  watery  fluid  may  also 
infiltrate  to  the  brain,  causing  insensibility,  or  to  the  lungs,  effecting 
suffocation.  Long  experience  and  careful  observation  justifies  the  be- 
lief that  this  particular  manifestation  of  blood  poisoning  is  present  in 
the  membrane  lining  the  organs  of  digestion  and  urination  in  all  cases 
of  hsemoglobinuria  (azoturia).  The  "GILES"  method  of  treatment  has 
proven  most  efficacious  as  a  preventive  in  checking  the  trouble  in  its 
first  stage  and  in  neutralizing  and  removing  poisons  from  the  system 
before  their  attack  on  the  vital  organs  could  result  disastrously. 

SYMPTOMS  OF  PURPURA — Usually  follow  severe  cases  of  laryn- 
gitis, strangles,  or  catarrhal  fever.  When  proper  treatment  is  not  af- 
forded its  presence  will  be  noted  at  the  start  by  purple  or  dark  red  color 
of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nostrils  with  blood  spots  and  blotches, 
followed,  if  not  arrested,  by  swellings  which  may  occur  in  the  head,  lips, 
breast  or  under  the  belly.  These  swellings  affecting  the  head  are  the 
most  dangerous.  The  further  removed  from  the  preceding  infectious 
cause  the  better  chance  of  successful  treatment.  This  ailment  will  gen- 
erally run  a  somewhat  chronic  course  of  from  two  to  six  weeks  and  re- 
lapses not  unfrequently  occur. 

TREATMENT — Proper  treatment  of  ailments  in  which  purpura 
usually  occurs  will  serve  to  prevent.  Proper  treatment  of  the  predis. 
posing  cause  with  ' '  GILES ' '  will  serve  to  check  and  remove  the  cause, 
Two-ounce  doses  should  be  administered  with  sufficient  freciuency  to  in- 
duce satisfactory  temperature,  keep  up  proper-  circulation  and  prevent 
the  poisons  from  attacking  a  vital  organ,  part  of  which  should  be  ad- 
ministered through  the  nostrils  (page  23).  Any  symptoms  of  swelling 
which  will  be  indicated  by  staring  of  the  hair  should  be  freely  rubbed 
with  the  remedy,  and  this  application  to  any  of  the  swollen  parts  should 


HORSEWELFARE.  47 

be  frequent  and  continue  as  long  as  they  remain,  no  matter  where 
located.  The  skin  should  not  be  broken  to  remove  the  watery  fluid,  as 
the  wound  will  become  unhealthy  and  the  skin  and  flesh  will  slough.  As 
recovery  proceeds  the  fluid  will  settle  at  some  one  spot  which  will  show 
indications  of  opening  itself,  when  the  outer  skin  may  be  broken  with 
some  blunt  instrument  and  the  fluid  allowed  to  escape.  "GILES"  should 
be  syringed  into  the  opening  and  the  cavity  well  filled.  As  recovery 
proceeds  the  skin  will  dry  and  new  grow  underneath.  It  should  be  kept 
well  anointed  with  the  remedy  and  no  effort  made  to  remove  any  but 
the  dead  skin.  From  this  method  a  smooth  surface  will  promptly  result 
and  growth  of  hair  return.  Tonic  doses  of  "GILES"  administered  three 
or  four  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  should  be  given 
until  fully  recovered. 


SPINAL   MENINGITIS. 

CEREBRO  SPINAL  FEVER  (Spinal  Meningitis) — This  ailment 
spreads  rapidly  like  influenza  and  is  far  reaching  in  its  scope; 
but  fortunately  is  not  a  common  one.  Inflammation  of  the  brain, 
spinal  cord  and  more  or  less  complete  paralysis  of  the  hind  quarters  are 
characteristics.  While  classed  as  infective,  the  specific  microbe  has  not 
yet  been  definitely  determined;  yet  it  is  undoubtedly  infectious,  although 
the  manner  of  its  transmission  is  unknown.  An  attack  is  acute  and 
generally  fatal.  Azoturia  is  frequently  mistaken  for  this  ailment,  but 
there  need  be  no  trouble  in  distinguishing  the  difference,  as  in  this  ail- 
ment the  muscles  of  the  head  and  neck  are  contracted  and  the  neck  rigid. 
The  entire  spinal  column  is  hard  and  tense.  These  conditions  will  also 
distinguish  it  from  tetanus. 

SYMPTOMS — Are  partial  or  complete  unconsciousness.  Paralysis 
of  the  hind  legs,  a  corded  condition  of  the  muscles  of  the  back  and  con- 
tractions with  spasms  of  the  muscles  of  the  neck,  the  animal  being  un- 
able to  either  raise  or  extend  the  head.  The  temperature  is  high  and 
erratic,  running  to  105°  to  lOGVa".  The  more  gradual  the  symptoms  ap- 
proach the  less  severe  the  case  will  be.  Mild  cases  may  run  several 
days  and  recur.  Severe  attacks  usually  run  a  fatal  course  in  five  to  seven 
days. 

TREATMENT — Prompt  and  vigorous  treatment  with  "GILES"  has 
in  many  instances  been  wonderfully  successful  in  this  ailment.  Com- 
mence treatment  as  soon  as  possible  by  administering  4  to  6-ounces  by 
the  mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  of  4-ounces,  to  be  followed  by  2-ounces 
every  20  to  30  minutes  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  every  30  min- 
utes until  the  temperature  is  near  normal.  Bathe  the  rear  of  the  ab- 
domen between  the  hind  legs.  Bathe  and  rub  the  muscles  of  the  neck, 
back  and  loins  thoroughly.  Relieve  the  contraction  of  the  muscles  by 
slapping  with  the  palm  of  the  hand,  to  restore  circulation.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  applied  to  all  the  muscles  of  the  back  and  neck  until  the 
tenseness  is  removed.   Two-ounce  doses  of  the  remedy  every  one  to  two 


48  "GILES." 

hours  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount,  given  after  tem- 
perature is  normal.  Close  attention  and  careful  nursing  is  highly  neces- 
sary until  all  danger  is  past.  Should  a  rise  in  the  temperature  take 
place  at  any  time  the  frequency  of  the  doses  should  be  increased  until 
the  fever  conditions  subside.  Feed  sparingly  of  nutritious  foods  for  sev- 
eral days  and  supply  the  animal  with  gathered  grass,  if  possible,  until 
he  is  well  able  to  graze.  Cases  in  which  severe  attacks  have  been  so 
successfully  treated  with  'GILES"  that  health  was  completely  restored 
in  from  two  to  three  weeks,  are  well  known. 


BACTERIAL   POISONING. 

SEPTICAEMIA  AND  PYAEMIA  (Blood  Poisoning) — Bacteria 
which  produce  septic  infection;  dissolved  chemical  poisons  which 
give  rise  to  septic  poisoning,  and  pyaemia  induced  by  pus  form- 
ing bacteria  (cocci),  are  the  three  principle  causes  and  forms  of  blood 
poisoning,  of  which  purpura  is  a  form  produced  by  the  first  mentioned 
cav.se,  when  the  poison  is  formed  by  a  ferment  manufactured  by  bac- 
teria that  can  increase  and  multiply  in  the  blood.  In  the  third  form  of 
blood  poisoning,  pyaemia,  the  absorbed  material  consists  of  pus  forming 
bacteria,  and  poisonous  matter  formed  by  their  ferments,  distribute 
themselves  through  the  system  by  means  of  the  blood  and  in  some  cases 
become  arrested  in  the  small  blood  vessels  and  set  up  abscesses  in  vari' 
ous  parts  of  the  body.  Pyaemia,  however,  generally  occurs  from  the 
absorption  of  pus  germs,  there  being  several  varieties,  existing  in  a 
wound  or  abscess;  but,  as  in  strangles,  similar  action  may  take  place 
when  pus  is  formed  by  specific  germs,  when  the  abscess  may  be  regarded 
as  the  result  of  a  specific  pyaemia. 

Septicaemia  is  the  general  term  used  to  designate  both  septic  in- 
fection and  septic  poisoning,  signifying  a  putrid  condition  of  the  blood, 
and  pyaemia  when  pus  exists  in  the  blood. 

SYMPTOMS — In  all  three  forms  of  blood  poisoning  there  is  great 
depression,  debility  and  high  fever.  In  pyaemia  the  wound  becomes  dry 
and  unhealthy  looking,  and  the  resulting  abscesses  which  begin  to  ap- 
pear about  one  week  after  infection  form  very  rapidly.  Pyaemia  may 
run  a  somewhat  chronic  course,  usually  with  fatal  termination,  from  ex- 
haustion and  diseased  changes. 

TREATMENT— Proper  treatment  with  "GILES"  of  any  of  the  ail- 
ments of  which  purpura,  pyaemia  and  septicaemia  are  usually  the  re- 
sult will  serve  to  neutralize  the  poisons  in  the  blood,  promote  an  equitable 
circulation  and  keep  the  toxins  away  from  the  vital  organs.  Thorough 
use  of  "GILES"  when  symptoms  of  blood  poison  is  well  developed  is  the 
best  possible  preventive  against  fatal  results.  Two-ounce  doses  should 
be  administered  liberally  until  the  temperature  is  favorable.  At  the 
beginning  these  doses  should  be  given  every  30  minutes  to  every  hour, 
depending  on  the  condition  of  the  patient.   Rectal  injections  of  2-ounces 


HORSEWELFARE.  49 

should  be  given  every  one  to  two  hours.  As  the  temperature  improves 
the  doses  may  be  given  less  frequently;  but  not  less  than  every  two 
to  three  hours,  until  the  animal  is  well  on  the  road  to  recovery.  The 
wound,  if  any,  should  be  well  cleansed  of  purulent  matter  by  wiping 
it  out  with  a  clean,  rough  rub  rag  moistened  with  "GILES"  and 
dressed  with  a  wad  of  oakum  held  in  place  with  a  loose  bandage  and 
kept  well  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Swellings  in  any  part  of  the 
body  should  be  liberally  bathed  with  "GILES"  and  well  rubbed  in. 
Should  these  bunches  or  swellings  become  soft  and  show  a  tendency 
to  break,  they  should  on  no  account  be  punctured  with  a  sharp  instru- 
ment as  the  flesh  exposed  will  become  poisoned  and  have  a  tendency 
to  slough.  Only  the  outer  skin  should  be  broken  with  some  blunt 
instrument  which  is  first  sterelized  by  dipping  in  the  remedy.  After 
ithe  serous  fluid  is  allowed  to  escape,  the  remedy  should  be  well 
syringed  into  the  opening.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  remove  dead 
skin  too  rapidly.  Any  hair  that  is  lost  in  the  treatment  will  quickly 
renew  itself  if  the  surface  be  kept  well  moistened  with  the  remedy. 
Use  nothing  else. 


ABOUT  TETANUS  GERMS, 

THE  CAUSE  OF  LOCKJAW. 

HORSES  are  very  susceptible  to  tetanus,  which  is  induced  by  the 
presence  of  poisonous  material  produced  by  a  ferment  that  is 
formed  by  a  specific  disease  germ,  known  as  the  bacillus  spillifor- 
mis  of  Nicolaier.  Tetanus  microbes  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
growing  especially  well  in  marshy  ground  and  horse  dung.  These  mi- 
crobes manufacture  an  extremely  virulent  poison.  In  fact  tetanus  is  as 
much  a  case  of  poisoning  as  an  overdose  of  strychnine  would  be.  Author- 
ities say  that  the  microbes  of  tetanus  in  their  natural  state  do  not  pro- 
duce the  poison;  but  introduced  into  animal  tissue  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances, they  go  through  a  form  of  development  and  subsequently 
secrete  the  poisons.  If  these  spores  are  inoculated  by  themselves  into 
healthy  tissue,  they  are  unable  to  produce  their  poisons  for  the  time 
being  and  in  all  probability  will  be  eliminated  by  the  white  corpuscles  of 
the  blood  (leucocytes).  They  may,  however,  remain  alive  for  one  to  three 
months  or  more  and  then  surrounded  by  favorable  conditions  become 
virulent.  Favorable  conditions  are  those  which  diminish  the  resistence  of 
the  tissues  by  repelling  the  protective  work  of  the  leucocytes,  and  the 
presence  of  common  pus  microbes.  Suppurating  wounds  or  sores  are 
favorable  breeding  ground  for  the  bacilli.  Wounds  that  have  become 
polluted  with  soil  and  dirt  are  especially  liable  to  be  followed  by 
symptoms  of  the  trouble. 

Healthy,  unbroken  skin  and  mucous  membrane  will  bar  the  en- 
trance of  tetanus  poison  to  the  system,  yet  it  will  penetrate  the 
smallest  breach  in  these  coverings.  Punctured  wounds  are  more  favor- 
able to  their  production  than  superficial  ones.    When  the  trouble  follows 


50  "GILES." 

a  surgical  operation,  such  as  castration  and  docking,  the  poison  has 
been  imparted  by  the  instruments  used,  as  a  rule.  Other  wounds  which 
are  more  generally  followed  by  lockjaw  are  broken  knees,  deep  wounds 
in  a  limb  and  especially  punctures  in  a  foot.  Wounds  in  the  intestines 
made  by  worms  are  the  point  of  entrance  for  the  microbes  that  have 
been  taken  in  food  and  w^ater. 

SYMPTOMS — The  muscles  of  the  face  are  first  affected  by  tetanus 
poison,  followed  by  other  muscles  of  the  head  and  those  of  the  neck. 
The  mouth  closes  tightly,  head  elevated  and  neck  ewed.  The  muscles 
controlling  the  organs  of  breathing  and  those  of  the  limbs  become 
contracted,  the  back  becoming  hollowed,  the  tail  raised  and  the  animal 
stands  with  outstretched  limbs.  There  is  great  stiffness  and  rigidity 
in  attempted  movement.  The  animal  looks  nervous  and  terrified.  The 
nostrils  are  dilated,  the  eyes  sunken,  the  breathing  quickened,  the  flanks 
tucked  up  and  heaving,  the  muscles  of  the  chest  being  fixed,  breathing 
must  be  accomplished  almost  entirely  by  the  action  of  the  diaphragm. 
Sweat  is  generally  found  on  the  skin  and  is  abundantly  diffused  over 
the  entire  body  in  severe  cases  and  approaching  death. 

TREATMENT  —  Proper  administration  and  treatment  with 
"GILES"  will  in  nearly  every  case  avert  the  sjmiptoms  of  tetanus 
known  as  lock  jaw.  In  fact  when  the  "GILES"  treatment  is  applied 
to  wounds  of  the  nature  which  usually  precede  tetanus,  this  dread  ailment 
will  be  invariably  prevented.  'Should,  however,  the  ailment  be  well  ad- 
vanced before  treatment  with  "GILES"  is  begun,  4  to  6-ounces  of  the 
remedy  should  be  administered  by  the  mouth  or  nostrils  and  a  rectal  in- 
jection of  4-ounces  should  be  given,  followed  by  hourly  doses  of  2-ounces 
and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount.  The  tense  muscles  of 
the  head  and  neck  should  be  liberally  bathed  with  "GILES"  and  plenty 
of  friction  applied.  This  rubbing  and  application  should  continue  until  re- 
laxation of  the  muscles  is  apparent.  A  little  of  the  remedy  dropped  in  each 
ear  will  have  beneficial  effect.  This  line  of  treatment  should  be  followed 
thoroughly  until  symptoms  are  much  relieved.  As  there  are  always 
conditions  of  intense  nervousness,  the  stable  should  be  kept  as  quiet 
as  possible  and  the  animal  treated  gently.  Placing  the  patient  in  a 
sling  except  in  very  rare  cases  is  advised  against  because  of  the  added 
excitement  incidental  to  slinging  and  because  the  animal  is  usually 
well  able  to  support  his  own  weight  for  days  or  even  weeks  if  the 
treatment  affords  the  relief  that  may  reasonably  be  expected.  Con- 
valescence will  be  slow,  usually  two  to  four  or  six  weeks,  sometimes 
longer.  Improvement  will  be  noted  by  ability  of  the  animal  to  flex  the 
muscles  of  the  head  and  neck  slightly  at  first,  which  will  become  more 
and  more  relaxed  as  recovery  proceeds.  As  soon  as  the  animal  is  able 
to  eat,  he  should  be  provided  with  nourishing  food  and  2-ounce  doses 
of  "GILES"  should  be  administered  three  to  five  times  a  day  and  a 
rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  should  be  given  daily. 


HORSEWELFARE.  51 

HOW   ABSCESSES   ARE   FORMED. 

WHEN  inflammation  is  followed  by  an  accumulation  of  leucocytes  and 
of  plasma  which  does  not  coagulate,  the  result  is  a  white  or  creamy 
liquid  called  pus  and  when  the  surrounding  tissues  are  involved, 
so  that  a  cavity  develops  containing  pus,  we  have  what  is  called  an 
abscess.  The  plasma  (serum)  of  pus  does  not  coagulate  because  it  is 
devoid  of  fibrinogen.  Though  pus  may  be  an  inocuous  fluid  when  pro- 
duced by  leucocytes,  it  is  usually  of  bacterial  origin  in  which  case  it 
contains  bacteria  that  excrete  a  substance  which  causes  the  pus  to  have 
corrosive  action  on  the  tissues,  hence  the  necessity  for  the  destruction 
of  these  bacteria  and  removal  of  the  pus. — Crookshank. 

Kantack  says  that  an  ulcer  may  be  compared  to  an  open  abscess 
and  that  the  granulations  formed  in  both  cases  are  the  result  of  an 
attempt  at  repair  made  by  the  attacked  tissues. 

The  sane  treatment  for  abscess  would  be  an  endeavor  to  remove  the 
inflammation  and  consequent  pain,  at  the  same  time  destroy  the  pus 
microbes,  which  are  the  cause.  This  can  only  be  accomplished  by  re- 
storing tissues  to  a  natural  condition.  While  a  blister  applied  to  the 
part  would  be  very  irritating  and  cause  increased  inflammation  and 
pain,  yet  that  would  be  vastly  more  sensible  than  the  application  of  a 
poultice  which  would  have  no  other  effect  than  to  harbor  and  multiply 
the  germs  and  decay  the  tissues,  thus  greatly  enlarging  the  scope  of  the 
abscess. 

With  the  "GILES"  treatment  the  action  of  the  pus  microbes  is 
nullified  and  healthy  tissue  built  up,  stopping  at  once  the  growth  of  fun- 
gus flesh. 


ANATOMY   OF   DIGESTIVE    ORGANS. 

ORGANS  OF  DIGESTION— As  in  man,  the  digestive  machinery  of 
the  horse  is  made  up  of  the  mouth,  pharynx,  gullet,  stomach  and 
large  and  small  intestines,  all  being  assembled  under  one  head  and 
called  the  alimentary  canal.  To  the  mouth  belong  the  lips,  cheeks,  tongue, 
hard  and  soft  palate  and  the  dental  arches  which  hold  the  teeth.  The  lips 
assist  in  taking  up  the  solid  and  liquid  food  and  to  retain  it  and  the 
saliva  in  the  mouth.  The  cheeks  and  tongue  place  the  food  between  the 
back  teeth  to  be  ground  up  while  the  tongue  also  aids  in  swallowing. 
The  roof  of  the  mouth  is  formed  by  the  hard  palate  and  the  soft  palate 
divides  the  mouth  from  the  pharynx.  The  front,  or  incisor  teeth  are  used 
to  grasp  and  bite  off  food,  like  growing  grass,  and  the  food  is  ground  up 
by  the  molars,  or  back  teeth.  The  iower  jaw  being  much  smaller  than 
the  upper,  the  horse  can  chew  on  but  one  side  at  a  time. 

The  pharynx  is  a  cavity  into  which  the  passages  from  the  nostrils 
open,  and  which  also  communicates  with  the  mouth  through  an  opening 


52  "GILES." 

called  the  isthmus  over  which  the  soft  palate  acts  like  a  valve  to  keep 
it  shut  during  the  passage  of  food  and  water  and  because  of  which  the 
horse  is  unable  to  breathe  through  the  mouth. 

The  gullet,  or  oesophagus,  is  a  tube  that  runs  down  the  neck  above 
the  windpipe  part  of  the  way  and  then  inclines  to  the  left  of  it,  whirch 
carries  the  food  from  the  pharynx  to  the  stomach.  In  a  horse,  the  stom- 
ach is  comparatively  small,  holding  but  3  to  31/2  gallons  on  an  average. 

The  small  intestine  is  the  continuation  of  the  alimentary  canal  from 
the  stomach  and  is  about  72  feet  long  and  IV2  inches  in  diameter.  It 
doubles  many  times  on  itself,  opening  finally  into  a  large  sac  called  the 
caecum,  the  main  water  reservoir,  and  contains,  on  an  average,  about 
71/2  gallons  of  fluid.  The  large  intestine  is  made  up  of  the  caecum  and 
the  large  and  small  colon.  The  large,  or  double  colon,  is  a  wide  canal 
which  begins  at  the  caecum  and  ends  at  the  beginning  of  the  small  colon. 
It  consists  of  a  succession  of  dilations  and  contractions  and  lies  like  a 
loop  doubled  on  itself.  Generally  it  is  about  12  feet  long,  is  capable  of 
containing  about  18  gallons  and  communicates  with  the  small  or  floating 
colon  which  is  about  10  feet  long,  folded  several  times  on  itself,  similar 
to  the  small  intestine.  The  back  end  of  the  small  colon,  or  rectum,  lies 
in  a  straight  course  from  the  front  of  the  pelvis  to  the  anus. 

The  stomach  and  intestines  are  composed  of  mucous  membranes 
which  line  their  interior,  a  muscular  coat  which  covers  the  mucous  layer 
and  a  serous  coat  which  is  a  smooth,  glistening  membrane  covering  the 
outside  of  the  organs. 

Situated  near  the  mouth  are  the  salivary  glands,  into  which  they 
pour  their  secretions.  The  largest  of  these  is  the  parotid  gland,  behind 
the  lower  jaw,  close  to  the  ear.  The  most  important  salivary  glands  lie 
in  pairs  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  right  side  of  the  stomach  is  also 
supplied  with  small  glands  which  furnish  the  gastric  juice  to  that  or- 
gan. The  surface  of  the  left  side  of  the  stomach  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  gullet.  A  duct  carries  bile  from  the  liver  and  empties  it  into  the 
small  intestine.  The  pancreas,  or  sweetbread,  pours  the  pancreatic  juice 
into  the  small  intestine,  principally  through  this  duct.  A  great  number 
of  small  glands  line  the  large  and  small  intestines  and  pour  their  re- 
spective secretions  into  them. 

Digestion  is  the  process  which  renders  the  food  capable  of  being 
absorbed  by  the  system.  The  alimentary  canal  gradually  conveys  the 
food  from  front  to  rear.  While  the  food  is  being  ground  up  by  the  back 
teeth,  it  becomes  saturated  with  saliva  which  assists  in  the  act  of  swal- 
lowing and  helps  to  dissolve  sugar  and  starch.  When  it  arrives  in  the 
stomach,  the  gastric  juice  aids  in  dissolving  the  nitrogenous  matter  con- 
tained in  it  and  the  muscular  coat  of  the  stomach  churns  up  the  food 
and  gradually  pushes  it  into  the  small  intestine,  where  it  is  met  by  the 
bile  and  pancreatic  juice,  which  more  or  less  complete  the  work  of  di- 
gestion. The  wormlike  action  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the  intestines 
forces  the  food  backwards,  during  which  course  its  digested  portions  are 
more  or  less  completely  absorbed,  the  residue  enters  the  rectum  and  from 
thence  is  finally  expelled  from  the  system. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


53 


COLIC    A    COMMON   AILMENT, 

HOW   TO    TREAT    AND    PREVENT. 

STATISTICS  show  that  about  forty  per  cent  of  the  internal  troubles 
affecting  horses  may  be  charged  to  colic;  that  the  mortality  is 
about  13  per  cent,  and  about  40  per  cent,  of  the  general  death 
rate.  The  great  frequency  and  danger  of  colic  in  horses  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  they  cannot  vomit,  save  in  very  rare  instances.   From  the  fact 

QUUET 


,'  URBTERS 

,  RBCTUn 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  ORGANS. 

that  colic,  being  a  manifestation  of  pain  in  the  interior  of  the  abdomen, 
it  may  be  a  symptom  of  various  ailments,  viz.:  Irritation  of  the  intes- 
tines due  to  indigestion;  worms;  enteritits,  hernia,  twisted  bowel,  ob- 
struction and  calculi.  The  latter  causes  colic  more  frequently  from  their 
shifting  about  than  by  their  size.  Syinptoms  of  the  presence  of  calculi 
are  frequent  attacks  of  colic  from  no  other  apparent  cause.  Therefore 
in  treating  colic,  the  predisposing  cause  should  be  removed. 

Horses   which   suffer   frequently  from   attacks   of   colic  without  os- 
tensible cause,  should  be  looked  after  with  extreme  care,  for  such  at- 


54  "GILES." 

tacks  indicate  the  presence  of  palisade  worms,  which  may  be  suspected 
when  the  horse  is  subject  to  colic  without  errors  of  feeding  causing  it; 
of  calculi  or  other  serious  ailment. 

There  are  two  forms  of  abdominal  pain  which  custom  has  arbitrarily 
divided  into  spasmodic  and  flatulent  colic,  which  really  has  no  merit  from 
the  fact,  as  before  stated,  that  colic  may  result  from  various  causes  and 
in  many  of  its  forms  there  is  neither  flatitlence  nor  spasms. 

SPASMODIC  COLIC — Applies  to  spasms  of  the  muscular  coat  of  the 
intestines,  caused,  as  a  rule,  by  the  presence  of  undigested  food  in  the 
stomach  setting  up  irritation.  Chill  may  also  induce  it  and  it  is  usually 
brought  on  by  injudicious  feeding  and  watering,  especially  after  long 
fasting  or  exhaustion  from  hard  work.  Some  horses  through  natural  or 
induced  weakness  of  the  digestive  apparatus  are  easy  victims  unless 
very  carefully  handled. 

SYMPTOMS — Usually  the  first  manifestations  of  an  attack,  if  the 
horse  is  at  work,  is  a  desire  to  stop,  depression,  uneasiness,  pawing  with 
the  fore  foot,  arching  back,  looking  around  at  the  flanks  and  attempting 
to  lie  down.  As  the  attack  advances  he  may  seek  relief  by  rolling  or 
cow  kicking  at  his  belly.  Breathing  will  be  labored  and  the  pulse  fre- 
quent, with  patches  of  perspiration  over  the  body.  There  are  occasional 
intervals  of  relief  from  pain,  when  pulse  and  breathing  will  return  to 
be  about  normal.  Another  attack  comes  on  with  more  or  less  violence,  to 
again  pass  off  or  the  animal  tosses  about  and  dies  from  exhaustion.  The 
intermittence  of  the  pain  is  a  distinguishing  symptom  of  the  ailment. 
A  natural  movement  from  the  bowels  is  a  good  sign.  Many  horses  have 
colic  so  frequently  that  it  may  be  called  chronic.  Under  such  conditions 
attacks  may  be  prevented  and  the  cause  removed  by  the  use  of  "GILES." 

TREATMENT — Spasmodic  Colic — The  more  promptly  treatment  is 
given  the  more  readily  a  cure  will  be  effected,  for  this  reason  every 
norse  owner  should  have  a  supply  of  "GILES"  always  on  hand  for 
emergencies,  which  should  be  administered  at  the  first  signs  of  uneasi- 
ness. Commence  treatment  by  giving  2-ounces  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal 
injection  of  2-ounces,  following  immediately  by  2-ounces  more  by  the 
mouth.  Repeat  every  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  until  there  is  an  appear- 
ance of  relief.  Should  there  be  a  recurrence  after  a  time,  administer  as 
before.  In  ordinary  cases  when  "GILES"  is  promptly  administered,  a 
cure  will  be  quickly  effected,  the  animal  be  made  as  well  as  ever,  ready 
for  work  and  little  time  be  lost.  It  is  entirely  unnecessary  to  lay  him 
up  for  a  day  or  two  to  allow  time  for  recovery  from  the  bad  after  ef- 
fects of  powerful  drugs.  He  is  always  left  in  a  sound  condition  with 
a  good  appetite.  As  a  preventive  in  cases  of  horses  predisposed  to  colic, 
a  2-ounce  dose  of  "GILES"  should  be  given  twice  a  day,  morning  and 
evening,  before  watering  and  feeding.  The  dose  should  be  especially 
given  after  coming  in  from  exercise  before  the  horse  is  allowed  either 
water  or  feed. 

FLATULENT  COLIC— -Is  due  to  the  distension  of  the  bowels  by 
gas  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  undigested  food.    It  sometimes 


HORSE     WELFARE.  55 

follows  spasmodic  colic  and  is  generally  brought  on  by  careless  feeding. 
Flatulent  distension  of  the  stomach  is  usually  caused  by  the  fermentation 
of  food,  especially  when  imperfectly  masticated.  Wind  sucking,  stricture, 
or  blocking  of  the  intestine  leading  from  the  stomach  by  a  calculus  are 
also  causes. 

SYMPTOMS — Are  not  so  violent  as  in  spasmodic  colic,  which  they 
somewhat  resemble,  though  more  continuous,  with  considerable  disten- 
sion of  the  abdomen.  Breathing  is  difficult  and  in  extreme  cases  there  is 
more  or  less  delirium.  Unusual  distension  of  the  abdomen  often  pro- 
ceeds the  fatal  termination  of  various  ailments,  such  as  superpurgation. 
Laminitis  sometimes  follows  it. 

TREATMENT — Flatulent  Colic — The  beginning  dose  should  be  4 
to  6-ounces  by  the  mouth  and  4-ou.ice  rectal  injection,  followed  by  2- 
ounces  by  the  mouth  every  ten  to  fifteen  minutes  and  2-ounce  rectal  injec- 
tion every  twenty  or  thirty  minutes.  If  relief  is  not  thus  afforded  in  an 
hour  or  so,  back  raking  should  be  resorted  to  (see  directions  for  back 
raking,  page  26.)  Symptoms  of  stoppage  of  the  urine  freciuently  oc- 
cur, but  in  most  cases  this  is  but  a  complication  of  the  ailment  and 
will  be  relieved  when  the  main  trouble  is  removed.  Should  the  animal  be 
unable  to  void  the  urine  after  the  distension  is  reduced,  treatment  for 
retention  of  the  urine  should  be  resorted  to.  (Page  68.)  An  injection 
of  2  to  4-ounces  of  the  remedy  should  be  administered  by  the  urethra 
or  vagina.  In  most  cases  this  will  afford  prompt  relief,  but  should  these 
injections  fail,  the  hand  should  be  inserted  in  the  rectum  and  gentle 
pressure  exerted  on  the  bladder  with  the  flat  of  the  hand.  In  nearly  all 
cases  this  action  will  result  better  than  the  use  of  a  catheter.  It  is  al- 
ways best  to  avoid  the  use  of  it  if  possible,  as  it  is  more  or  less  a  pain- 
ful operation,  irritating  to  the  organs  and  difficult  of  accomplishment  by 
an  inexperienced  person. 


RUPTURE   AND   VOMITING. 

RUPTURE  OF  THE  STOMACH  is  often  a  complication  or  flatulent 
distension,  especially  if  the  walls  of  the  stomach  be  abnormally 
weak  and  severely  tested  by  the  animal  throwing  himself  on  the 
ground  with  pain.  The  fact  that  no  air  will  escape  from  the  stomach  into 
the  gullet,  even  if  filled  to  the  bursting  point  with  air  from  its  intes- 
tinal opening,  shows  how  easily  rupture  of  the  stomach  may  occur  when 
the  intestinal  canal  is  blocked  up  by  undigested  food  or  a  twist  of  the 
intestine,  with  the  contents  of  the  stomach  in  a  ferment. 

VOMITING — Although  very  rare  owing  to  the  resistance  offered  by 
the  narrow  passage  from  the  stomach  to  the  gullet,  vomiting  may  occur 
under  certain  conditions.  It  seldom,  if  ever  takes  place,  unless  the  stom- 
ach is  distended  to  nearly  the  bursting  point,  but  not  necessarily  after 
a  rupture  of  that  organ,  as  cases  have  been  noted  of  vomiting  both 
before  and  after  a  rupture.    According  to  Freidberger  &  Frohner,  when 


56  "GILES." 

a  horse  does  vomit,  "the  muscles  of  the  abdomen  and  neck  are  the  seat 
of  muscular  contractions;  the  bent  head  is  kept  close  to  the  chest,  at 
the  same  time  a  yellowish-green,  frothy  liquid  of  the  odor  of  chyme  and 
of  the  consistence  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  food  eaten,  flows 
from  the  nose  or  mouth.  The  quantity  varies  from  a  few  spoonfuls  to  a 
bucketful  or  more.  The  animal  sweats  abundantly,  the  legs  are  drawn 
up  under  the  body  and  the  eyes  are  haggard  and  fixed.  Immediately 
after  vomiting  the  patient  becomes  very  weak,  trembles  and  staggers 
and  is  sometimes  seized  with  violent  fits  of  coughing.  In  some  cases  the 
act  of  vomiting  is  not  completed,  but  stops  at  a  flow  of  saliva  from  the 
mouth,  nausea  and  belching. ' ' 

SYMPTOMS  OF  RUPTURE  OF  THE  STOMACH— There  is  a  more 
or  less  collapse  of  the  vital  powers  and  vomiting,  preceded  by  gaseous 
distension  and  violent  colic.  Rupture  of  the  intestines  is  also  a  com- 
plication of  flatulency  and  is  greatly  aided  by  obstruction  which  pre- 
vents the  gas  from  escaping  by  the  anus. 

TREATMENT — Rupture  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  is  frequently 
the  result  of  the  administration  of  a  physic  ball.  When  the  impac- 
tion is  so  complete  as  to  prevent  relief  by  the  rectum,  the  almost  uni- 
versal practice  in  the  treatment  of  colic  of  giving  something  to 
deaden  pain  and  following  with  a  ball,  is  more  frequently  responsible 
for  twist  and  fold  in  the  intestines  and  hernia  than  all  other  causes 
combined.  Vomiting  in  a  horse  generally  precedes  and  is  nearly  a  cer- 
tain symptom  of  rupture,  yet  the  connection  between  the  two  is  hard 
to  explain,  for  vomitting  cannot  be  a  consequence  of  complete  rupture, 
for  the  contents  of  the  distended  part  would  have  a  readier  way  of  es- 
cape through  the  rent  in  that  organ. 

TREATMENT  is  of  no  avail  in  cases  of  rupture  or  vomiting.  Death 
may  be  regarded  as  certain. 

ENTERITIS — (Inflammation  of  the  Mucous  Membrane  of  the  In- 
testines)— The  most  rapidly  fatal  ailment  to  which  the  horse  is  liable. 
It  may  easily  follow  a  neglected  or  wrongly  treated  case  of  colic,  the 
change  being  one  from  congestion  to  inflammation,  the  results  of  indis- 
creet feeding  or  watering,  or  may  be  caused  by  purgatives  or  irritants 
given  in  the  treatment  of  colic.  Intestinal  parasites  may  also  cause 
the  trouble. 

SYMPTOMS — Pain  is  continuous.  Perspiration  irregular  and  turns 
cold.  The  horse  moves  and  gets  up  and  down  cautiously.  The  faeces  is 
covered  with  mucous.  The  temperature  is  high  and  pulse  wiry.  There 
is  often  distension  of  the  abdomen  and  pressure  causes  pain.  In  ad- 
vanced stages  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nostrils  is  abnormally  red. 

TREATMENT— The  folly  of  administering  anything  of  an  irritat- 
ing nature  will  be  readily  appreciated.  "GILES,"  which  is  non-irritat- 
ing, healing  and  soothing,  affords  the  best  possible  treatment.  Admin- 
ister the  remedy  promptly  and  freely  as  in  severe  cases  of  colic  and 
continue  the  treatment  faithfully  until  fully  relieved. 


HORSEWELFARE.  57 


IMPACTION  OF  STOMACH, 

DIARRHEA    AND    STAGGERS. 

THE  stomach  becomes  gorged  in  acute  indigestion,  with  food  that 
it  is  unable  to  get  rid  of,  due  to  damp  or  boiled  food  which  is 
rapidly  swallowed  without  being  properly  masticated  and  mixed 
with  saliva.  It  is  therefore  more  difficult  of  digestion  and  more  likely 
to  ferment  and  evolve  gas.  The  muscular  walls  of  the  stomach  are  weak- 
ened from  being  repeatedly  strained  by  distension,  become  thin  and  in- 
capable of  churning  up  the  food  and  expelling  it. 

SYMPTOMS — Colicy  pains,  pawing  with  the  fore  feet,  especially 
the  near  one,  belching,  attempts  at  vomiting,  trembling,  partial  sweats, 
discharge  of  liquid  matter  from  the  nose,  frequent  pulse  and  quickened 
breathing,  and  in  some  cases  semi-consciousness.  The  patient  wiU  lean 
his  head  against  any  convenient  support  and  staggers  if  forced  t j  walk. 
The  pulse  is  full  and  slow. 

TREATMENT — Must  be  prompt  and  nothing  should  be  adminis- 
tered which  will  add  to  the  already  irritated  and  inflamed  condition 
of  the  stomach.  Physic  or  anything  of  an  irritating  nature  is  strongly 
advised  against.  Give  immediately  4  to  6-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the 
mouth  and  4-ounces  by  the  rectum.  Continue  with  2-ounces  by  the 
mouth  every  15  or  20  minutes  until  relieved,  with  an  occasional  rectal 
injection  of  2-ounces.  Administrations  of  2-ounce  doses  should  follow 
three  or  four  times  a  day  for  a  day  or  two,  to  thoroughly  allay  the  irri- 
tation and  remove  the  cause.  If  the  horse  shows  any  subsequent  symp- 
toms of  the  return  of  the  trouble,  one  or  two  2-ounce  doses  should  be 
promptly   administered. 

GRASS  STAGGERS — Eating  over  ripe  grass,  especially  rye  grass  at 
certain  times  when  a  peculiarly  poisonous  narcotic  principle  is  developed 
in  it,  which  happens  in  certain  seasons. 

SYMPTOMS — It  usually  takes  two  or  three  days  for  the  ailment  to 
develop,  when  the  animal  becomes  semi-conscious  and  more  or  less  par- 
alyzed, staggering  if  forced  to  walk  and  has  great  difficulty  in  keeping 
his  legs,  although  extremely  averse  to  going  down  and  will  lean  against 
any  convenient  object  for  support.  The  patient  breathes  in  a  snorting 
manner  and  the  mucous  membranes  are  tinged  with  yellow.  Spasms  or 
convulsions  resembling  those  of  tetanus  may  develop. 

TREATMENT — The  condition  of  the  stomach  is  the  same  as  in 
stomach  staggers  and  treatment  should  be  the  same.  The  horse  should 
be  kept  from  the  pasture  where  he  obtains  the  indigestible  food. 


58  "GILES.'* 

SUPERPUEGATION— Excessive  diarrhea,  brought  on  by  strong, 
purgative  medicines,  such  as  aloes,  especially  when  a  second  dose  is 
given  before  the  first  begins  to  act.  It  is  sometimes  brought  on  by  ex- 
ercising a  horse  before  or  soon  after  a  physic  has  acted;  administer- 
ing aloes  improperly;  allowing  the  patient  to  drink  large  quantities  of 
water  shortly  after  giving  aloes,  or  giving  aloes  on  an  empty  stomach 
and  keeping  the  horse  without  food.  This  bad  after  effect  of  the  ever- 
ready  physic  ball  is  an  argument  in  favor  of  the  "GILES"  method  of 
treatment,  which  should  appeal  to  every  horseman. 

SYMPTOMS — Unusually  frequent  purging;  debility;  loss  of  appe- 
tite and  weak  pulse.  As  the  case  progresses  the  symptoms  become  more 
dangerous.  There  is  an  offensive  breath,  the  excretion  gives  off  a  par- 
ticularly bad  smell,  glassy  eyes  and  distension  of  the  belly.  Purging 
ceases  on  the  bowel  losing  power  to  perform  its  natural  function.  Lami- 
nitis  frequently  results  from  superpurgation. 

TREATMENT — Refrain  from  giving  anything  of  an  irriating  na- 
ture. Give  2  to  4-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth  and  a  rectal  in- 
jection of  2-ounces  three  times  a  day  before  watering  or  feeding.  Be 
sure  to  give  one  of  the  doses  and  the  injection  immediately  after  exer- 
cise while  the  bowels  and  rectum  are  the  most  empty.  The  horse  should 
not  be  subjected  to  long  drives  or  hard  work  until  there  is  a  decided  im- 
provement in  his  condition. 

DIARRHEA — Some  horses  purge  if  worked  or  excited,  especially 
slight,  slack  loined,  washy  animals.  They  are  often  liable  to  diarrhea 
from  changes  of  food  or  temperature,  however  slight.  Working  horses 
soon  after  they  are  fed  or  watered,  especially  after  long  abstinence,  are 
susceptible  to  diarrhea  for  the  reason  that  it  interferes  with  the  di- 
gestive work  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  by  drawing  the  blood  to  the 
muscles  of  the  limbs.  Diarrhea  should  not  be  prematurely  checked,  as 
it  may  be  simply  an  effort  of  nature  to  throw  off  irritating  matter.  It 
may  also  be  due  to  worms.  Horses  are  likely  to  be  dosed  with  too 
much  physic  which  has  an  irritating  effect  and  diarrhea  should  never 
be  suddenly  checked  with  medicines.  The  practice  of  giving  arsenic 
tends  to  render  the  animal  susceptible  to  diarrhea. 

DIARRHEA  OF  FOALS — Cadeac,  the  eminent  French  authority, 
considers  that  the  diarrhea  of  foals  is  generally  due  to  a  specific  in- 
fection by  germs,  favored  by  insanitary  conditions.  This  form  is  often 
mistaken  for  dysentery  and  is  similar  to  white  scours  in  calves.  It  is 
sometimes  complicated  with  umbilical  pyaemia,  acute  laminitis,  pneu- 
monia, peritonitis,  jaundice  and  inflammation  of  the  eyes.  As  a  rule,  it 
afiects  foals  about  the  time  of  weaning  and  runs  a  fatal  course  in  from 
six  to  ten  days.  It  may  be  induced  by  a  vitiated  condition  of  the  milk 
from  over  working  the  dam;  from  giving  her  improper  food,  or  from  the 
ill  health  of  the  dam,  weaning  too  early  and  bad  food,  chill,  worms  and 
general  debility.  Keeping  the  foal  too  long  from  the  dam  inclines  it  to 
take  more  milk  than  its  stomach  wiil  digest,  the  organ  being  more  or 


HORSEWELFARE.  59 

less  weakened  from  long  fasting  and  will  reduce  the  suitability  of  the 
milk  as  food,  the  undigested  portion  being  more  than  likely  to  set  up 
irritation  in  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

SYMPTOMS — Signs  of  weakness  and  depression  will  be  first  ob- 
served and  the  foal  ceases  to  play  about  the  dam,  lying  down  most  of 
the  time.  The  coat  is  dry  and  staring  and  eyes  sunk  in  their  sockets. 
The  mouth 'is  dry  and  hot,  tongue  soft  and  flabby  and  thick  saliva  fall- 
ing from  it.  There  is  intense  thirst,  and,  although  refusing  to  suck,  the 
patient  will  eagerly  drink  any  fluid  given  him.  The  abdomen  is  tight 
and  painful  to  the  touch;  theve  are  colicky  pains  and  rumbling  of  the 
bowels.  Diarrhea  comes  on  in  from  six  to  ten  hours  and  the  evacu- 
ations are  watery  and  give  off  a  bad  odor,  are  yellow  in  color  and  mixed 
with  clotted  matter.  The  movements  quickly  become  involuntary, 
grayish-white  in  color,  mdre  frequent  and  will  soil  the  thighs  and  irri- 
tate the  skin,  causing  a  rash  and  the  hair  to  fall  out.  The  mouth  and 
expired  air  have  a  putrid  smell.  The  pulse'  becomes  light  and  wiry,  with 
strong  heart  beats.  The  lining  membrane  of  the  eye  becomes  infected, 
sometimes  showing  spots  of  blood.  Sometimes  the  patient  dies  from  ex- 
haustion in  three  days. 

TREATMENT— Diarrhea.  The  condition  of  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines in  diarrhea,  either  acute  or  chronic,  commonly  called  scours,  is 
much  the  same  as  in  purging  and  superpurgation,  and  the  same  line  of 
treatment  should  be  followed. 

TREATMENT— Diarrhea  of  foals.  Commence  treatment  of  1  or  2- 
ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by  the  movith  and  a  rectal  injection  of  1-ounce, 
followed  every  30  minutes  to  one  hour  by  half-ounce  doses  and  a  rectal 
injection  of  like  amount  every  one  or  two  hours  for  the  first  five  or  six 
hours.  Afterward  the  remedy  should  be  administered  three  or  four 
times  a  day  until  the  excrement  attains  a  natural  appearance. 


CHRONIC   INDIGESTION. 

THIS  ailment  is  brought  on  by  a  bad  system  of  feeding  and 
watering;  the  imperfect  mastication  of  improper  food  by  reason 
of  bad  teeth;  the  bolting  of  food  and  the  injudicious  use  of 
medicines.  There  may  be  a  constitutional  tendency,  and  in  young  ani- 
mals it  is  generally  caused  by  cold  milk,  by  too  early  weaning  and  by 
sucking  too  long  at  a  time  or  when  the  dam  is  heated. 

SYMPTOMS — There  is  loss  of  condition,  capricious  and  depraved 
appetite;  acidity  of  the  stomach,  indicated  by  the  patient  grinding  his 
teeth  and  evincing  an  inclinatio*  ti  lick  whitewashed  walls;  sour  smell- 
ing mouth  and  sometimes  coughing.  The  animal  may  wind  suck  and 
crib  bite.  The  coat  is  usually  light,  dry,  lacking  the  natural  gloss  and 
filled  with  dandruff.  Very  frequently  the  hoofs  become  brittle  and 
shelly.     The  excretions  are  of  imperfectly  digested  food  and,  owing  to 


60  "GILES." 

the  alDsence  of  bile,  has  a  bad  smell.  Standing  in  the  stable  the  animal 
is  inclined  to  be  costive;  but  will  purge  when  taken  to  work  or  exer- 
cise. The  abdomen  is  frequently  distended  by  gas,  and  there  are  often 
coliky  pains,  especially  soon  after  being  fed. 

TREATMENT— Tonic  doses  of  "GILES"  should  be  administered 
three  times  a  day,  preferably  before  watering  or  feeding,  2-ounces  to  a 
full  grown  animal  and  one-half  to  1-ounce  to  colts,  according  to  size. 
Rectal  injections  of  like  amount  should  be  given  daily  for  two  or  three 
days,  then  occasionally. 

CONSTIPATION— This  is  a  symptom  of  various  ailments.  It  is 
sometimes  due  to  natural  tendencies,  constitutional  weakness,  paralysis 
of  the  bowels,  foldirig  or  twisting  of  the  intestines,  the  action  of  drugs, 
the  presence  of  calculi,  obstruction  of  the  bowel,  improper  feeding  and 
watering,  etc.  Lack  of  a  plentifiU  supply  of  water  is  often  the  cause, 
or  when  the  patient  is  given  food  which  contains  an  excess  of  indigest- 
ible matter.  There  is  stoppage  in  the  intestines  of  the  waste  material, 
mild  attacks  of  colic,  distension  of  the  abdomen  from  gas,  with  more  or 
less  painful  efforts  at  staling.  Death  is  sometimes  caused  by  rupture 
of  the  intestine. 

TREATMENT — Give  4  to  6-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth  and 
a  rectal  injection  of  2  to  4-ounces  at  the  start,  and  follow  up  with  tonic 
doses  of  2-ounces  three  times  a  day,  before  feeding.  Give  rectal  injec- 
tions of  2-ounces  daily  for  a  few  days,  then  occasionally. 

LAMP  AS — This  is  usually  met  with  in  young  horses  owing  to  the 
presence  of  a  large  supply  of  blood  for  the  growth  of  the  teeth,  the  palate 
sometimes  becomes  swollen  with  it  to  such  an  extent  that  it  projects 
below  the  level  of  the  upper  front  teeth.  Horses  of  any  age  may  be 
affected  with  it  from  cold,  indigestion,  etc.  Whether  it  occurs  in  teeth- 
ing youngsters  or  from  derangement  in  health  of  older  horses,  it  is  caused 
by  congestion  of  the  part  and  may  be  easily  relieved  by  the  proper  use 
of   "GILES." 

TREATMENT — Tonic  doses  of  2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a 
day  and  rectal  injections  of  2-ounces  once  a  day  for  two  or  three  days, 
then  occasionally,  will  serve  to  equalize  the  circulation  and  remove  the 
congestion.     The  animal  will  derive  relief  from  being  allowed  ear  corn. 

STOMACH  STAGGERS— Is  the  result  of  the  stomach  being  filled 
with  indigestible  food,  roughness  of  a  fibrous  nature  and  bolting  the 
food,  causing  a  condition  in  the  stomach  which  prevents  proper  assimila- 
tion and  circulation  of  the  blood,  which  induces  an  undue  pressure  of 
blood  on  the  brain  and  vertigo.  The  animal  may  appear  sluggish  or  may 
show  symptoms  of  wildness.  Bleeding  by  puncturing  the  second  ridge  in 
the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  often  resorted  to  and  generally  affords  tempo- 
rary relief  when  nothing  better  is  at  hand;  but  it  can  result  in  no  perma- 
nent good,  and  steps  should  be  taken  to  remove  the  cause  of  the  trouble. 

TREATMENT — Return  the  horse  to  the  stable  and  give  2-ounce 
doses  of  "GILES"  four  or  five  times  a  day  and  give  rectal  injections  of 


HORSEWELFARE.  61 


2-ounces  two  or  three  times  a  day  for  a  couple  of  days.  Follow  this 
with  tonic  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  two  or  three  times  a  day  and  a 
2-ounce  rectal  injection  once  a  day  for  several  days.  Daily  exercise 
should  be  given  and  light  work  will  be  beneficial.  Always  reserve  one 
of  the  doses  to  be  given  immediately  after  the  horse  comes  in  from 
exercise. 


PROLAPSE   OF   THE   RECTUM. 

THIS  accident  may  be  due  to  the  straining  in  colic,  constipation  or 
from  foaling.  It  may  also  come  from  sexual  excitement  or  pa- 
ralysis. The  mucous  membrane  protrudes  from  the  anus,  which, 
on  becoming  congested  with  blood  and  inflamed,  may  present  a  round 
mass  about  one  foot  in  diameter  with  a  depression  in  the  center.  In 
some  cases  the  bowel  itself  protrudes. 

TREATMENT — Clean  the  protruding  part  thoroughly  with  a  clean 
cloth  wet  with  the  remedy.  Syringe  the  remedy  liberally  into  the  rec- 
tum and  use  gentle  pressure  to  return  the  protruding  membrane  to  the 
anus.  The  use  of  "GILES"  will  serve  to  remove  the  inflammation  and 
consequent  swelling  and  the  part  will  return  to  a  natural  condition.  Ad- 
minister 2-ounce  tonic  doses  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day  by  the 
mouth  and  a  rectal  injection  twice  a  day  for  two  or  three  days,  after 
that,  occasionally. 

CALCULI  AND  CONCRETIONS— Balls  of  undigested  material  are 
sometimes  found  in  the  large  intestine,  but  rarely  in  the  stomach  of  a 
horse.  They  occasionally  attain  a  diameter  of  five  or  six  inches  or  more, 
and  as  they  grow  larger  and  larger  cause  death  eventually  from  obstruc- 
tion and  pain.  There  are  three  varieties.  Phosphatic  caculi,  composed 
of  magnesia  and  lime,  which  look  like  round,  polished  stones.  Ordinarily 
they  weigh  two  or  three  pounds,  although  they  have  been  known  in  ex- 
ceptional cases  to  attain  a  v/eight  of  16  pounds.  Oat  hair  calculi  or 
dust  balls  are  formed  of  closely  packed  undigested  vegetable  matter  and 
mixed  calculi  are  made  up  of  earthy  and  vegetable  material.  The  pres- 
ence in  a  horse's  food  of  indigestible  particles,  especially  a  piece  of 
metal  or  particle  of  stone,  easily  become  the  nucleus  for  calculi.  Food 
that  contains  hairs  and  husks  of  oats  or  meal  dust  is  apt  to  give  rise  to 
intestinal  concretions.  An  oat  hair  concretion  appears  to  result  chiefly 
from  the  mechanical  adherence  of  undigested  particles  of  food  to  the 
moist  covering  of  a  nucleus,  the  presence  of  which  on  the  mucous  mem- 
brane would  cause  a  certain  amount  of  irritation,  while  the  formation  of 
a  mixed  calculus  might  be  effected  both  by  chemical  and  mechanical 
agencies. 

SYMPTOMS — As  the  balls  may  attain  large  size  without  causing 
death,  or  without  even  giving  rise  to  any  marked  symptoms  of  ill  health, 
there  is  no  characteristic  symptom  by  which  the  presence  of  calculi  in 


62 


GILES." 


the  intestine  may  be  determined.  They  may  remain  in  a  pocket  in  the 
large  intestine  for  a  long  time  without  obstructing  the  passage  until  they 
become  greatly  increased  in  bulk  or  are  dislodged  by  a  purgative,  when 
they  may  set  up  fatal  obstruction.  They  cause  colic  more  often  by  shift- 
ing than  from  their  size.  The  ordinary,  though  not  at  all  characteristic 
symptoms,  of  the  presence  of  these  formations  are  frequent  attacks  of 
colic  from  no  other  apparent  cause;  pawing  with  the  fore  feet  from 
evident  abdominal  pain;  resting  the  hind  quarters  against  some  support 
and  sitting  on  their  haunches.  In  advanced  stages  the  expression  is  hag- 
gard, the  back  up,  belly  distended,  respiration  hurried  and  bowels  habit- 
ually costive. 

TREATMENT — Tonic  doses  of  "GILES"  two  or  three  times  a  day 
will  act  to  dissolve  and  remove  the  accvimulations  and  obstructions  from 
the  bowels  known  as  calculi.  Should  they  block  the  entrance  to  the 
rectum  they  should  be  removed  by  back  raking,  if  possible.  "GILES'  ' 
perfect  syringe  may  be  carefully  introduced  and  its  contents  discharged 
into  the  rectum  as  far  as  the  arm  will  reach.  This  operation  will  aid 
greatly  in  the  dissolution  and  removal  of  the  obstruction. 


Sound  Hock. 


Hock  With  Curb. 


HORSEWELFARE.  63 


FACTS  ABOUT  AZOTURIA, 

RESULT  OF  GERM  POISON. 

AZOTURIA  (Haemoglobinuria)  — This  condition  is  often  diagnosed 
by  veterinarians,  who  should  know  better,  as  spinal  meningitis; 
but  is  easily  distinguishable  from  it  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
case.  Authorities  differ  widely  as  to  the  cause,  but  long  experience 
and  careful  observance  of  symptoms  and  effects,  leads  to  the  firm  belief 
that  azoturia  is  the  direct  result  of  toxic  poisoning  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane linings  of  the  intestines,  kidneys  and  bladder,  caused  by  food  de- 
caying rather  than  being  digested  through  lack  of  exercise  and  superin- 
duced by  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the  blood,  the  result  of  insanitary 
surroundings,  and  that  this  poisoning  affects  the  linings  of  the  kidneys 
and  bladder,  the  same  as  purpura  does  the  air  passages.  This  condition 
is  cften  found  after  a  few  days'  rest  and  liberal  feeding.  It  is  marked 
by  the  excretion  of  dark  colored  urine,  by  painful  spasms  of  the  croup 
muscles  and  excitement.  It  is  noticable  among  horses  in  training,  espe- 
cially when  taken  out  on  a  cold,  raw  morning  after  a  rest.  Fortunately, 
such  attacks  are  usually  light  and  respond  quickly  to  prompt  treatment 
with  "GILES."  In  the  later  stages  of  this  complaint  the  urine  of  the 
patient  becomes  albuminous  from  inflammation  of  the  kidneys.  The 
affection  may  be  regraded  as  an  inflammation  of  the  muscles  of  the  hind 
quarters,  due  to  irritation  caused  by  broken  up  material  in  the  blood. 
The  red  corpuscles  in  the  blood  are  greatly  increased  during  a  period 
of  rest,  and  these  are  broken  up  during  the  progress  of  the  ailment  and 
partially  dissolved  in  the  plasma,  carried  to  the  kidneys,  where  it  is  ex- 
creted in  the  urine,  which  accounts  for  its  dark  color.  The  remainder  is 
formed  into  exceedingly  small  granules  which  are  arrested  in  the  capil- 
laries of  the  muscles  affected,  causing  the  pain  and  inflammation. 

SYMPTOMS — The  attack  comes  on  suddenly;  the  animal  becomes  ex- 
cited and  acts  as  though  he  had  injured  his  hind  quarters  or  loins.  One 
hind  leg  is  generally  advanced  before  the  other  and  the  hind  quarters 
drop  until  the  hocks  almost  touch  the  ground  when  h-^i  attempts  to  put 
weight  on  them.  A  fore  leg  is  sometimes  affected.  There  is  profuse  per- 
spiration and  the  breathing  is  hurried.  The  pain  is  so  intense  that  the 
patient  will  bite  at  almost  anything  and  will  not  unfrequently  tear  at 
the  affected  side  or  forearm.  The  internal  temperature  seldom  rises  to  a 
marked  extent.  The  urine  is  usually  plentiful  and  dark  colored,  though 
the  animal  may  be  unable  to  void  it.  There  is  generally  constipation 
and  retention  of  the  urine.  The  ssonptoms  may  be  milder  or  so  much 
more  severe  that  the  animal  falls  in  delirium  and  a  half  paralyzed  state 


64  "GILES." 

and  dies  in  a  few  hours.  The  ailment  has  been  taken  for  cerebro  spinal 
fever;  but  the  difference  may  be  observed  in  the  nature  of  the  urine  and 
the  known  facts  in  the  case. 

TREATMENT — Azoturia  may  be  prevented  by  restricting  the  food 
allowance  while  idle,  giving  only  a  bran  mash  at  one  feed  and  adminis- 
tering 2-ounce  doses  of  "GlLES"  once  or  twice  a  day  while  the  horse 
is  in  the  stable.  The  sooner  treatment  is  aiforded  after  the  attack  the 
quicker  a  cure  can  be  effected.  Four  to  6-ounces  should  be  administered 
by  the  mouth  at  once  and  4-ounces  by  the  rectum,  followed  by  2-ounces 
every  twenty  or  thirty  minutes  by  the  mouth  and  rectum.  Bathe  the  ab- 
domen  between  the  hind  legs,  liberally  with  the  remedy.  This  will 
olten  enable  the  animal  to  regain  his  feet  when  down  and  cause  the 
bowels  to  act  and  urine  to  be  voided.  Should  this  not  take  place  within 
the  hour  liberal  injections  by  the  urethra  or  vagina  should  be  made.  In 
the  majority  of  cases  this  will  afford  relief;  but  in  serious  cases,  when 
treatment  has  been  delayed,  it  may  be  necessary  to  aid  the  animal  in 
voiding  the  urine  which  should  be  done  as  directed.     (Page  24.) 

In  all  cases  administrations  of  "GILES"  should  be  frequent  and 
liberal  enough  to  relieve  the  distress  of  the  animal  and  prevent  injury 
by  his  struggling.  Slinging  which  is  often  resorted  to  is  inexcusable, 
because  the  animal,  being  unable  to  support  his  weight  in  the  rear,  is 
cramped  by  the  pressure  of  the  sling  on  the  abdomen  and  action  of  the 
bowels  rendered  well  nigh  impossible.  He  should  be  provided  with  a 
soft  bed  in  a  roomy  box  or  on  the  floor  and  turned  over  every  six  hours. 
After  movement  of  the  bowels  and  bladder  and  the  temperature  of  the 
animai  is  in  a  fairly  satisfactory  condition,  he  may  be  considered  as 
well  on  the  road  to  recovery.  Moderate  exercise  should  be  given  as  re- 
covery proceeds  and  constitutional  doses  of  2-ounces  two,  three  or  four 
times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  should 
continue  until  fully  recovered. 


DERANGEMENT  OF  THE  LIVER. 

IN  the  United  States  the  liver  of  a  horse  is  rarely  affected  as 
compared  to  the  frequency  of  liver  troubles  in  man,  from  the 
fact  that  the  horse,  being  a  clean  feeder,  is  not  subject  to  many 
of  the  derangements  of  that  organ  as  is  man  or  other  animals.  The 
liver  forms  an  important  part  of  the  system  of  nutrition  and  elimination. 
It  forms  glycogen  which  it  throws  into  the  general  circulation  in  the 
form  of  grape  sugar,  partly  for  supplying  the  system  with  force,  partly 
for  the  nourishment  of  the  tissues  and  likely  for  the  formation  of  fat. 
Both  waste  and  nutritive  albuminous  matters  as  well  as  glycogen  are 
converted  into  products  that  can  easily  be  eliminated  from  the  system, 
the  waste  material  being  finally  thrown  out  by  the  kidneys  in  the  form 
of  urea.     The  liver  also  throws  out  carbonic  acid. 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


65 


In  temperate  climates  some  affections  of  the  liver  are  very  obscure  and 
in  many  cases  pass  wholly  unobserved  until  after  death.  There  are  some 
symptoms,  however,  which  should  induce  as  close  an  examination  of  the 
organ  as  possible,  as  any  impairment  is  sure  to  manifest  itself  in  de- 
rangement of  the  functions  of  other  organs;  its  impairment  also  makes 
the  animal  peculiarly  susceptible  to  heat  prostration  or  chill  as  the  cli- 
matic changes  are  hot  or  cold.  A  poor  condition  of  the  stomach  which 
will  affect  the  condition  of  the  blood  is  certain  to  more  or  less  affect  the 
fmictions  of  the  liver. 

There  are  derangements  of  the  liver,  however,  which  may  be  traced 
to  insanitary  surroundings;  a  bad  condition  of  the  stomach  caused  by 
germ  poisons  in  the  iood  and  mechanical  poisons  which  are  given  to  the 
horse  through  mistakes  of  judgment,  such  as  tonics  or  purgatives  con- 
taining arsenic,  Barbadoes  aloes,  etc.  Chill,  heat  prostration  and  gen- 
eral debility  can  often  be  explained  by  a  knowledge  of  the  treatment 
the  horse  has  undergone.  The  ailmeiits  of  the  liver  can  rarely  be  dis- 
tinguished as  such,  except  when  there  are  symptoms  of  jaundice,  but 
manifest  themselves  by  complications  above  mentioned.  Purgatives 
which  excite  the  liver  an*  bile  to  unnatural  action  must  certainly  pro- 
duce a  reactive  and  weakening  effect.  The  "GILES"  method  of  treat- 
ment, which  obviates  the  necessity  of  using  any  and  all  purgatives,  re- 
moves all  danger  from  these  causes  and  keeps  the  liver  in  a  healthy  con- 
dition. 

TREATMENT — The  prescribed  treatment  with  "GILES"  whlcli 
overcomes  and  removes  germ  poisons  from  the  system,  corrects  the  con- 
dition of  the  stomach,  enabling  it  to  supply  the  liver  with  healthy  fluids 
and  oTsherwise  strengthening  every  organ  of  the  body,  is  the  best  pos- 
sible cure  for  ailments  of  the  liver  when  given  in  tonic  doses  of  2-ounces 
each,  two  to  four  times  daily. 


f.onjg  lUtsteni  Cam- 
rasUni  Joutb 

ExteJisor  tcndm  of  foot  . 

Short  pastern  bone .  . 

Pyranudal  process. 

Pedil  joint 

SmfidAfe  lamaut 

Pedal  hotu.. 

fi«U  of 

Pedal  bane 


Pcrforans 

' '  tendon/ 
^-fbrforatus  tendon. 
Insertion  oTiurfaratul 

jVavtcular  bon^ 
Plantar  cushio 
Jh>g 


Vertical  and  longitudinal  section  of  horse's  Toot. 


66  "GILES. 


SUNSTROKE— HEAT  SHOCK, 

HEAT  FEVER,  HEAT  EXHAUSTION. 

SUNSTROKE — This  is  a  state  of  unconsciousness  brought  on  by 
exposure  to  great  atmospheric  heat,  intensified,  as  a  rule,  by 
•  muscular  exertion.  Three  forms  of  sunstroke  are  recognized  in 
human  practice,  viz:  Heat  exhaustion,  disturbing  the  action  of  the 
heart;  heat  shock,  or  sunstroke  proper,  in  which  exposure  to  the  heat, 
aided  by  the  glare  of  the  sun,  appears  to  paralyze  the  nerve  centers  of 
breathing  and  of  the  circulation,  so  that  the  lungs  and  heart  are  unable 
to  perlorm  their  proper  work,  and  heat  fever,  a  heat  appoplexy  in  which 
prolonged  exposure  to  the  heat  overstimulates  the  nerve  centers  which 
become  exhausted.  It  is  probably  the  latter  cause  to  which  most  of  the 
prostrations  of  horses  are  due.  The  presence  of  traces  of  aloes,  arsenic, 
strychnine  and  other  poisons  in  the  liver  renders  the  animal  less  able 
to  withstand  the  effects  of  heat  in  a  humid  climate. 

SYMPTOMS — A  horse  taken  out  to  work  that  has  previously 
been  dull  and  breathing  quickly  is  distressed,  and,  although  he  may 
do  his  work  fairly  well,  an  experienced  observer  would  see  that  he 
should  not  be  exposed.  The  attack  comes  on  more  or  less  suddenly;  his 
legs  give  way  under  him  and  he  falls  insensible.  He  may  struggle  con- 
vulsively, get  up  and  throw  himself  down  in  a  dangerous  manner,  or 
m.ake  frantic  efforts  to  do  so,  but,  owing  to  the  paralysis  behind,  unable 
to  get  up,  but  may  dash  his  head  on  the  ground.  Others  will  remain 
quiet,  as  if  dead,  and  those  are  the  hopeful  cases.  The  temperature  is 
high,  eyes  staring,  but  they  do  not  see.  Some  horses  apparently  come 
all  right  after  a  stroke,  but  begin  to  blow  again  after  a  few  hours  and 
generally  die  from  congestion  of  the  lungs. 

TREATMENT — Long  experience  amply  justifies  the  assertion  that 
constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  twice  a  day  and 
an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  fortifies  the  constitution  of 
the  horse  against  the  effects  of  heat  and  humidity,  and  that  2-ounce 
doses  before  and  after  work  will  serve  to  prevent  prostration  from  the 
effpcts  of  excessive  heat,  and  that  "GILES"  properly  used  affords  the 
best  possible  relief  for  animals  which  have  been  overcome.  Almost  com- 
plete cessation  of  heart  action  is  an  important  symptom.  Liberal  ad- 
ministration of  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth  and  rectal  in- 
jections of  the  same  amount  will  promptly  stimulate  the  heart  to  natural 
action,  to  relieve  congestion  which  causes  the  pores  of  the  skin  to  close 
and  prevents  perspiration.  Do  not  be  afraid  of  an  overdose,  a  pint,  quart 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


07 


or  more  may  be  administered  in  severe  cases.  As  soon  as  the  animal 
revives  sufficiently  water  should  be  given  him  to  drink;  but  any  outward 
application  of  either  water  or  ice  to  any  part  should  positively  not  be 
made,  as  it  can  only  tend  to  increase  the  congestion,  chills  the  animal 
and  there  is  danger  of  bringing  on  pneumonia  and  other  serious  ail- 
ments. It  closes  the  pores  of  the  skin  and  retards  natural  perspiration. 
The  sooner  persr)iration  is  induced,  the  cessation  of  which  was  one  of 
the  causes  of  collapse,  the  sooner  will  relief  be  obtained. 

If  the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment  is  followed  exactly  as  pre- 
scribed the  animal  will  be  enabled  to  regain  his  feet  in  an  hour  or  two 
p.ncl  walk  to  the  stable,  where  administration  of  2-ounce  doses  by  the 
mouth  and  rectal  injections  of  the  same  amount  should  be  continued 
every  one  or  two  hours  until  the  animal  is  in  a  comfortable  condition. 
Constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  two  or  three  times  a  day  and 
an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  the  same  amount  should  be  continued 
for  some  time.  Moderate  exercise  and  light  work  should  be  given  until 
fully  recovered.  Should  any  of  the  symptoms  of  influenza  or  pneu- 
monia develop,  treatment  should  be  given  as  prescribed  for  those  ail- 
ments. 


Clean  Hock. 


Slight  Spavin. 


Large  Spavin. 


68  "GILES." 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  BLADDER 

AND  URINARY  AFFECTIONS. 

THE  Madder  is  composed  of  a  serous  membrane  formed  by  the 
peritoneum;  of  a  muscular  membrane;  of  a  somewhat  thick  layer 
of  areolar  tissue  and  is  lined  on  its  inner  surface  by  a  mucous 
membrane,  which  is  somewhat  raised  up,  here  and  there  are  long  promi- 
nences or  colum.ns  caused  by  the  muscular  fibres  beneath.  Into  the  bas- 
fond,  or  bottom,  the  two  ureters  open  and  the  urethra  commences.  In 
the  orfice  of  the  urethra,  which  is  called  the  neck  of  the  bladder,  there 
is  at  the  lower  part  a  more  or  less  prominent  tubercle.  The  arteries  of 
the  bladder  proceed  from  the  hypogastric,  umbilical,  sciatic,  middle 
hemorrhoidal  and  internal  organs  of  generation.  Its  veins,  which  are 
more  numerous  than  the  arteries,  open  into  the  hypogastric  venous 
plexus.  Its  nerve  emanates  from  the  sciatic  and  hypogastric  plexus  and 
its  lymphatic  vessels  pass  into  the  lymphatic  ganglia.  .- 

AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  URINAEY  ORGANS— It  is  often  difficult 
to  diagnose  ailments  of  the  urinary  organs,  for  the  reason  that  the  urine 
may  show  unnatural  qualities  and  symptoms  of  organic  trouble,  such,  for 
instance  as  diabetes,  hsemoglobinuria  or  constipation,  when  the  organs 
are  not  affected.  Fortunately,  these  ailments,  aside  from  kidney  trouble 
and  retention  of  urine  accompanying  colic,  are  somewhat  rare  in  horses. 
It  is  not  necessary  in  "GILES"  practice  to  be  able  to  analyze  the  urine 
in  order  to  determine  whether  any  of  the  organs  are  affected  or  not,  from 
the  fact  that  no  danger  can  result  from  the  treatment,  and  it  is  there- 
fore only  necessary  to  know  that  an  unnatural  condition  exists.  These 
ailments  are  usually  the  after  effects  of  treatments  with  powerful  drugs 
which  have  an  irritating,  corroding  and  partially  paralyzing  effect. 
They  never  follow  the  "GILES"  method  of  treatment. 

RETENTION  OF  THE  URINE— The  principle  manifestation  of  this 
ailment  when  it  has  advanced  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  regarded  as  a 
diseased  condition,  are  stranguary  and  distension  of  the  bladder.  There 
are  frequent  ineffectual  attempts  to  void  the  urine,  accompanied  by  pain. 
The  distended  condition  of  the  bladder  may  be  discovered  by  passing 
the  hand  into  the  rectum. 

TREATMENT — Follow  treatment  given  for  colic.     See  page  53. 

BLOODY  URINE — Improper  feeding,  strains,  kidney  affections,  ir- 
ritation of  the  urinary  passages  and  calculi  are  causes  of  the  dark  or 


HORSEWELFARE.  69 

bloody  urine.  There  is  congestion  or  inflammation  of  the  urethra  and  of 
the  tubes  leading  thereto  from  the  kidneys.  If  the  urine  is  very  dark  in 
color  without  the  presence  of  blood  it  is  a  pretty  sure  sign  that  too  high 
feeding  has  helped  to  induce  it. 

TREATMENT — Any  difficulty  in  voiding  the  urine  should  be  re- 
lieved as  per  directions  for  retention  of  the  urine  as  above.  Tonic  treat- 
ment of  2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection 
of  like  amount  once  a  day  should  be  given  until  all  signs  of  the  trouble 
has  been  removed. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BLADDER— This  is  a  ctuickly  fatal 
affection  if  allowed  to  run  its  course,  which  is  seldom  beyond  three  days. 
The  cause  can  generally  be  traced  to  the  throwing  off  of  germ  poisons 
by  the  blood;  traced  to  the  effects  of  irritating  poisons  such  as  can- 
tharides  or  croton,  used  either  internally  or  externally,  or  injury.  Fatal 
results  have  been  caused  by  blistering.  The  urinary  organs  are  more 
likely  to  be  affected  by  blisters  in  hot  weather  than  in  cold,  owing  to 
the  fact  tha*-,  the  skin  is  more  active  and  less  urine  is  secreted,  so  that 
the  deleterious  matter  being  less  diluted  is  not  so  quickly  voided  from 
the  bladder.  The  active  principles  of  blisters  are  also  more  quickly  ab- 
sorbed in  warm  weather.  Owing  to  sexual  causes  mares  are  specially 
liable  to  this  trouble  at  certain  seasons. 

SYMPTOMS — The  urine  is  voided  frequently  and  with  pain,  as  it 
is  irritating  and  burning;  it  is  highly  albuminous;  the  faeces  are  cov- 
ered with  mucous  and  mixed  with  blood. — Gamgee.  There  is  a  red  and 
inflamed  condition  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  mouth  and  entire  in- 
testinal canal,  accompanied  by  fever  and  pain,  with  a  showing  of  mucous 
with  or  without  blood.  There  is  more  or  less  sexual  excitement  in  stal- 
lions and  mares. 

TREATMENT — Four  to  6-ounces  of  "GILES"  should  be  admin- 
istered with  a  rectal  injection  of  4-ounces  at  the  start.  Liberal  injec- 
tions in  the  urethra  or  vagina  should  be  made  and  the  vicinity  of  the 
bladder  should  be  well  bathed  with  the  remedy,  after  which  2-ounce  doses 
and  a  rectal  injection  of  a  like  amount  should  be  given  every  hour  or 
two  until  a  decided  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  patient  is  ap- 
parent. After  which  continue  tonic  treatment  with  2-ounces  of  the 
remedy  three  times  a  day  and  rectal  injections  once  a  day  for  sev^eral 
days. 

STONE  IN  THE  BLADDER — So  called  stone  (calculi)  are  found  in 
the  bladder,  kidneys,  ureters  and  urethra  of  the  horse  the  same  as  in 
man.  They  are  mainly  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime,  always  present 
in  the  urine,  and  there  is  always  danger  of  the  formations  if  the  horse 
is  prevented  from  voiding  the  urine  for  long  periods.  Calculi  vary  in 
size  from  a  grain  of  sand  to  that  of  a  man's  fist,  sometimes  larger.  The 
presence  of  the  stone  may  be  discovered  by  examination  through  the 
rectum. 


70  "GILES." 

SYMPTOMS — There  are  recurring  colicy  pains;  inability  to  retain 
urine  or  interruption  with  the  flow  of  urine;  repeated  efforts  to  void  the 
urine  and  straining;  stiffness  in  hind  legs;  whisking  of  the  tail  and 
bloody  condition  of  the  urine. 

TREATMENT— Employ  "GILES"  as  in  directions  for  retention  of 
the  urine  to  relieve  symptoms  when  tliey  appear.  Give  a  constitutional 
treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal 
injection  of  like  amount  once  a  day  which  will  serve  to  prevent  their 
recurrence  and  remove  congestion  and  consequent  irritation  from  the 
parts.  In  severe  cases  in  which  the  aggravated  symptoms  recur  fre- 
quently 2-ounces  of  the  remedy  should  be  introduced  into  the  bladder 
through  the  urethra  by  a  syringe  with  a  long  nozzle.  The  urethra  of 
the  mare  opens  on  the  floor  of  the  vagina  about  three  or  four  inches 
from  the  outside  and  may  easily  be  injected  through  a  slightly  bent 
nozzle.  A  continuance  of  this  treatment  will  dissolve  the  formations  and 
admit  of  the  passage  of  the  fragments  through  the  urinal  canal. 


FACTS  ABOUT  THE  KIDNEYS, 

AILMENTS  AND  TREATMENT. 

THE  KIDNEYS  are  glands  which  take  from  the  blood  the  prop- 
erties from  which  urine  is  formed.  As  the  urine  is  secreted  it  is 
taken  by  narrow  tubes  called  ureters  and  conveyed  to  the  bladder, 
from  which  it  is  voided  from  the  system  by  the  urethra,  a  rather  large 
tube  connecting  the  bladder  with  the  penis  or  vagina  as  the  case  may 
be.  Much  of  the  waste  and  poisonous  material  is  thrown  from  the  sys- 
tem through  the  kidneys,  which,  undei  certain  conditions,  are  peculiarly 
liable  to  the  attack  of  disease  germs  The  horse  is  also  subject  to  acute 
nephritis,  generally  known  as  Bright 's  disease  of  the  kidneys,  but  which 
name  is  being  discarded.  This  ailment  may  develop  from  simple  hy- 
peremia, congestion  of  the  kidneys,  and  is  often  produced  by  chill.  It 
may  also  result  from  blows  on  the  back,  from  falls,  or  from  pulling  up 
too  suddenly  when  going  at  speed. 

There  is  close  sympathy  between  the  kidneys  and  the  skin,  and  any 
suppression  of  the  activity  of  the  skin  may  indirectly  affect  the  kidneys. 
Nephritis  may  also  occur  during  infectious  complaints,  as  influenza, 
strangles,  anthrax,  foot  and  mouth  troubles,  distemper,  bronchitis,  etc., 
and  is  sometimes  complicated  with  them. 

The  character  of  the  trouble  is  just  the  same  when  produced,  as  it 
may  be,  by  such  irritant  poisons  as  colchiciim  (meadow  saffron),  can- 
tharides,  which  may  induce  the  evil  effect  from  a  blister  as  well  as  when 
taken  inwardly,  oil  of  turpentine,  croton  oil,  male  fern,  squills,  carbolic 
acid,  tar,  iodoform,  arsenic,  phosphorus,  lead,  mercury,  etc.  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys  is  also  excited  by  the  fungi  of  mold,  blight,  smut,  or 
ergot  as  well  as  certain  insects  such  as  caterpillars  and  plant  lice  on  cab- 


HORSE     WELFARE.  _  71 

bage.  Even  a  too  liberal  feed  of  raw  potatoes  and  certain  kinds  of  cot- 
ton seed  meal  will  do  the  same  thing.  Finally,  of  great  importance,  is 
the  nephritis  which  arises  in  the  course  of  haemoglobinaemia  of  horses, 
which  is  caused  by  a  haemoglobinous  congestion  of  the  kidneys,  due  also 
to  the  action  of  germ  poisons. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  KIDNEYS— May  be  either  acute  or 
chronic,  and  while  it  may  be  brought  on  by  chill  or  irritant  poisons,  the 
prime  cause  of  the  trouble  is  the  poisonous  product  of  certain  bacteria. 
It  may  exist  for  a  time  without  discovery  being  made  of  its  presence 
until  it  has  progressed  to  such  an  extent  that  the  serious  symptoms  are 
apparent.  The  same  causes  which  give  rise  to  inflammation  of  the  blad- 
der will  similarly  affect  the  kidneys,  as  it  will  also  of  other  organs,  par- 
ticularly the  liver. 

SYMPTOMS — Usually  the  first  symptoms  noticed  is  a  diminution  of 
the  urine;  a  straddling  gait;  evidence  of  tenderness  on  pressure  on  the 
loins,  and  weakness.  If  allowed  to  progress  there  are  spasms  and  un- 
consciousness, which  is  a  fatal  phase.  The  presence  of  casts  in  the  urine 
is  also  a  distinctive  sign  of  the  trouble. 

TREATMENT — The  application  of  the  treatment  directed  for  in- 
flammation of  the  bladder  will  be  found  to  be  the  best  possible  treatment 
for  this  serious  ailment.  Faithful  and  continued  constitutional  doses  of 
2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2- 
ounces  once  or  twice  a  day  will  remove  from  the  system  the  cause  of  the 
trouble.  Bathing  the  rear  of  the  abdomen  with  the  remedy  daily  will 
be  greatly  beneficial. 


RHEUMATISM  RARE  IN  HORSES. 

THIS  ailment  as  it  exists  in  man  is  unknown  in  a  horse.  Rheu- 
matism in  a  horse  is  generally  talked  of;  but  what  is  taken  as 
such  is  but  a  crampy  condition  brought  about  by  an  impoverished 
condition  of  the  blood  and  consequent  poor  circulation.  In  this  state 
the  horse  is  more  susceptible  to  colds  and  the  rheumatic  symptoms  are 
sign?  of  more  or  less  congestion  in  the  parts  affected. 

TREATMENT — Attention  should  be  directed  to  local  manifestations 
as  they  appear.  This  can  be  afforded  by  vigorous  rubbing  of  the 
muscles  of  the  affected  part  with  the  remedy.  Constitutional  treatment 
must  be  given  of  2-ounce  doses  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection 
of  like  amount  once  a  day,  continued  for  a  considerable  time  until  there 
is  no  recurrence  of  the  trouble.  It  is  important  that  the  animal  should 
be  well  cared  for  after  exercise  and  every  precaution  used  to  prevent 
taking  cold.  To  this  end  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  should  be  admin- 
istered directly  after  exercise  and  the  animal  kept  comfortably  blanketed 
until  all  danger  of  congestion  is  past. 


73  "GILES." 


WORMS  OF  VARIOUS  KINDS 

WHICH  AFFECT  HORSES. 

INTERNAL  patasites,  as  distinguished  from  micro-organisms,  may 
as  a  rule  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  There  are  worms  of  vari- 
ous sizes  and  varieties,  including  the  hot  (gastrophiles),  tape- 
worm (taeniae),  ordinary  worms  (nematodes)  round  worm  (ascaris  me- 
galocephala) ,  thread  or  maw  worm  (oxyuris  curoula),  palisade  worm 
(strongylus  armatus  or  sclerostomia  equinum),  sclerostoma  tetracanthum 
^Btrongylus  tetracanthus),  fiilariae  and  spiroptera  reticulata. 

BOTS — The  female  hot  fly  (gadhy)  lays  her  eggs  on  the  parts  of  a 
fterse  most  readily  reached  by  the  tongue,  chiefly  on  the  breast,  front  of 
*lie  forearms  and  parts  of  the  shoulders  and  sides.  The  eggs  are  orange 
colored  and  are  stuck  to  the  ends  of  the  hairs  by  a  fluid  secreted  by  the 
fly.  When  the  eggs  are  hatched,  which  is  from  four  to  twenty-five  days, 
according  to  different  authorities,  and  produce  small  worms,  the  move- 
ments of  which  irritate  the  skin  and  induces  the  animal  to  lick  them  off. 
Ma  that  way  they  gain  entrance  to  the  alimentary  canal  and  attach  them- 
iiclves  by  hooks  with  which  they  are  supplied,  to  the  mucous  membranes. 
f  he  bots  are  about  four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  they  usually  select 
the  left  compartment  of  the  stomach  for  a  dwelling,  although  they  may 
be  met  with  in  the  passage  between  the  mouth  and  windpipe,  as  well 
as  in  the  right  compartment  of  the  stomach.  On  becoming  detached 
after  some  months,  they  reach  the  lower  portion  of  the  rectum,  where 
they  can  be  seen  when  there  is  a  movement  of  the  bowels. 

SYMPTOMS — In  small  numbers,  bots  are  productive  of  no  ill  effects, 
although  of  no  possible  advantage  to  the  horse.  In  large  numbers,  how- 
ever, they  are  irritating,  are  the  cause  of  colicy  pains  which  are  at  times 
very  severe,  in  some  instances  causing  death.  Young  horses  have  been 
known  to  suffer  from  indigestion,  loss  of  condition  and  death;  there  have 
also  been  fatal  cases  from  bots  lodging  in  the  larynx  and  stopping  the 
breath,  but  such  cases  are  extremely  rare.  There  are  several  species  of 
the  bot  fly,  but  the  most  common  is  the  gadfly,  and  they  are  more 
troublesome  in  the  south  than  in  the  north. 

WORMS — The  most  common  parasite  found  in  the  horse  is  the 
round  worm,  which  in  shape  resembles  the  common  earth  worm.  It  is 
of  a  yellowish-white  color,  of  an  elastic-like  texture,  and  when  fully 
grown  is  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  in  length.  It  sometimes  invades 
the  stomach,  but  is  generally  found  in  the  small  intestine.  In  small  num- 
bers they  give  little  apparent  trouble;  but  when  present  in  large  num- 


HORSEWELFARE.  73 


bers  horses  lose  condition  rapidly,  the  general  health  becomes  affected, 
the  appetite  morbid,  the  hair  rough  and  belly  distended;  there  is  slight 
diarrhea  and  liability  to  colic.  They  sometimes  become  so  numerous  as 
to  block  the  small  intestine,  inducing  colic,  which  sometimes  terminates 
fatally. 

THREAD  OR  MAW  WORM— Is  less  than  two  inches  in  length. 
The  tail  is  thin  and  whip-like,  the  front  end  thicker  and  curved  some- 
what like  a  shepherd's  crook.  They  gather  about  the  dock,  and  their 
eggs  come  away  in  a  yellow,  waxy  substance.  They  do  not  affect  the 
general  health;  but  that  their  presence  is  irritating  is  made  manifest  by 
the  horse  rubbing  his  tail. 

THE  PALISADE  WORM — Is  common  to  most  countries.  It  is  of  a 
brownish  red  color,  straight  and  stiff,  thicker  at  thg  front  end  than  the 
rear  and  varies  in  length  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  two  inches. 
It  is  generally  found  in  marshy  pastures.  In  its  adult  state  it  locates 
in  the  membrane  of  the  caecum  and  large  colon  and  in  the  immature 
form  it  burrows  under  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  same  organs;  it  is 
also  occasionally  found  in  the  brain,  testicles  and  liver.  In  large  num- 
'  bers  they  sometimes  cause  death  by  exhaustion  and  diarrhea.  They  gain 
entrance  to  the  system  through  water  and  damp  grass  or  oVner  forage. 

TREATMENT — For  Bots:  Give  4  to  6-ounces  by  the  mouth  an*!  a 
rectal  injection  of  2  to  4-ounces.  Continue  giving  2-ounce  doses  by  the 
mouth  every  15  or  20  minutes  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like 
amount  until  there  is  a  cessation  of  colicy  pains,  after  which  2-ounce 
doses  should  be  administered  every  two  or  three  hours  for  a  day  or  more. 
Bots  not  infrequently  attack  the  mucous  membrane  lining  of  the  air  pas- 
sages of  the  head  and  throat,  causing  irritation  and  sores  and  a  slight 
discharge  from  the  nose  similar  to  a  slight  case  of  distemper.  When  this 
symptom  occurs  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  should  be  administered  in 
each  nostril  imtil  the  discharge  ceases.  (Page  23  ).  During  treatment 
the  animal  should  be  kept  in  the  stable  and  fed  sparingly,  especially  of 
rough  food. 

TREATMENT  FOR  ALL  WORMS — The  too  common  practice  of  ad- 
ministering strong,  poisonous  drugs  works  injury  to  the  digestive  organs 
and  in  nearly  every  instance  fails  of  the  desired  results.  The  parasites 
infesting  the  stomach,  intestines  or  rectum,  bury  their  heads  in  the  mem- 
brane lining  of  these  passages  and  are  but  little  affected  by  such  drugs. 
Much  better  results  will  obtain  from  the  liberal  administration  of 
"GILES,"  which  induces  the  parasites  to  loose  their  hold,  when  they 
are  passed  backward  by  the  movement  of  the  bowels  in  the  process  of 
digestion  and  are  readily  expelled  with  waste  matter.  In  the  treatment 
for  any  kind  of  worms,  hay  or  other  rough  food  should  be  denied  the 
animal  for  a  day  or  two  and  4  to  6-ounces  of  ' '  GILES ' '  should  be  admin- 
istered three  or  four  times  a  day,  and  at  the  same  time  rectal  injectiong 
of  2  to  4  ounces  should  be  given. 


74  "GILES." 


AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  EYES 

AND  BEST  WAY  OF  CURING. 

ANATOMY  OF  THE  EYE— A  delicate  mucous  membrane  called  the 
conjunctiva  covers  the  surface  of  the  eyes  and  the  inside  of  the 
eyelids.  The  cornea,  which  is  somewhat  of  the  form  of  a  small 
watch  glass,  consists  of  a  strong,  transparent  structure  in  front  of  tho 
eyeball,  the  remainder  of  the  part  consists  of  a  strong,  fibrous  coat, 
called  the  sclerotica,  which  is  lined  by  the  choroid,  a  dark  membrane. 
Behind  the  cornea  and  attached  to  the  choroid  hangs  a  thin  contractile 
curtain,  termed  the  iris,  through  the  center  of  which  there  is  an  eliptical 
opening  known  as  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  The  cornea  may  be  regarded  as 
a  continuation  of  the  sclerotica,  and  the  iris  as  that  of  the  choroid. 

The  distinctive  color  of  the  eye  is  derived  from  that  of  the  iris, 
which  is  mostly  brown  in  the  horse  with  more  or  less  of  a  yellow  tinge;' 
sometimes,  however,  it  is  almost  white  or  grey,  when  the  animal  is  said 
to  be  wall-eyed.  Suspended  from  the  choroid,  behind  the  iris,  is  the 
crystalline  lens,  a  biconvex,  transparent  solid  body,  which  divides  the 
eye  into  two  compartments,  the  front,  which  is  partially  divided  by  the 
iris  and  filled  by  a  watery  fluid  called  the  aqueous  humor  and  a  back 
portion  which  holds  a  similar  but  denser  liquid  called  the  vitreous 
humor.     The  covering  of  the  crystalline  lens  is  called  the  capsule. 

Proceeding  from  the  brain  is  the  optic  nerve  which  enters  at  the 
back  of  the  eyeball  piercing  the  sclerotica  and  choroid,  and  by  its  ex- 
tension forms  a  membrane  called  the  retina,  which  lines  the  choroid  and 
terimnates  at  the  circumference  of  the  crystalline  lens.  When  rays  of 
liglit  fall  on  the  eye  they  enter  the  pupil  and,  passing  through  the  crys- 
talline lens,  form  an  image  on  the  retina,  which  conveys  the  impression 
of  the  object  seen  to  the  brain  through  the  optic  nerve. 

GCNJUNCTIVITIS  (Simple  Opthalmia) — Inflammation  of  the  con- 
junctiva, the  membrane  which  covers  the  surface  of  the  eye  and  lines  the 
eyelids.  It  may  be  induced  by  a  cold  or  a  mechanical  injury.  The 
opacity  will  radiate  from  the  point  struck  when  caused  by  a  blow  on  the 
cornea.  This  appearance  will  serve  to  distinguish  the  aff^ection  from  that 
due  to  cold.  In  catarrh  both  eyes  are  usually  affected,  but  in  opthalma 
from  injury  only  one  is  affected,  as  a  rule.  When  caused  by  a  blow  a 
mark  is  usually  seen  on  the  skin  of  the  eyelid.  In  catarrh,  or  running  of 
the  eyes,  the  opacity  commences  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye. 

SYMPTOMS — Eyelids  closed  and  swollen,  eyeball  drawn  back,  tears 
flow  copiously,  the  haw  projects  and  there  is  a  desire  to  avoid  the  light. 
There  is  inflammation  of  the  conjunctiva,  and  an  opaque,  bluish  color 
clouds  the  cornea. 


HORSEWELFARE.  75 


NOTE — In  all  eye  troubles  when  the  optic  nerve  is  unaffected,  the 
"GILES"  treatment  will  be  found  over  all  the  best  and  if  faithfully 
used  as  directed  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else,  will  in  the  majority 
of  cases  prevent  permanent  loss  of  sight. 

TREATMENT — Simple  opthalma  being  caused  by  inflammation,  the 
proper  treatment  is  assuredly  one  that  will  remove  it  and  be  of  a  nature 
which  is  not  to  the  slightest  extent  irritating.  Such  is  "GILES."  It 
should  be  applied  with  a  small,  soft  sponge,  full  strength  and  care  be 
taken  that  it  be  brought  well  in  contact  with  the  entire  surface  of  the 
eyeball  and  inner  surface  of  the  lid.  The  outer  surface  of  the  lid  and 
vicinity  of  the  eye  should  be  well  bathed  with  the  remedy.  This  treat- 
ment should  be  applied  two  or  three  times  daily.  If  used  at  the  first  sign 
that  the  eye  is  weak  or  watery,  it  will  have  the  effect  of  checking  the 
development  of  the  inflammation.  Constitutional  doses  of  2-ounces  by 
the  mouth  two  or  three  times  a  day  will  have  a  beneficial  effect. 

MOON  BLINDNESS  (Periodic  Opthalma) — Appears  to  be  an  in- 
flammation of  the  entire  structure  of  the  eye  and  as  a  rule  confined  to 
one  eye.  According  to  some  authorities,  it  may  be  hereditary,  or  brought 
on  by  insanitary  surroundings,  or  from  rimning  in  wet,  marshy  pastures. 
It  may  also  be  produced  by  chemical  or  mechanical  irritation.  It  is  a  con- 
stilutional  weakness,  and  any  change  in  the  condition  of  the  animal 
which  affects  the  general  health  will  manifest  itself  in  apparent  weak- 
ening of  the  eyes.  These  troubles  recurring  so  frequently  gives  the  ail- 
ment the  name,  moon  blindness. 

SYMPTOMS — The  interior  of  the  eye  assumes  a  dim,  dull,  amber ' 
colored  appearance  and  the  cornea  becomes  clouded  with  contraction  oi 
the  pupil  in  the  first  stages.  First  attacks  are  usually  the  longest,  the 
duration  diminishing  with  their  recurrence.  When  they  are  apparently 
recovering,  relapses  may  be  frequent  and  recovery  prolonged  indefinitely. 
The  outline  of  the  upper  eyelid  is  usually  altered  and  after  several  at- 
tacks gives  a  triangular  outline  to  tlie  opening  of  the  eyelids.  There  may 
be  recurrent  attacks  after  the  horse  has  become  totally  blind. 

TREATMENT — If  care  be  taken  that  the  general  health  of  the  ani- 
mal is  kept  always  at  the  best  and  at  the  first  indication  of  condition 
noted  by  watering  of  the  eyes,  "GtLES"  is  applied  thoroughly  as  di- 
rected for  simple  opthalmia,  these  periods  of  eye  trouble  will  be  passed 
without  serious  consequences.  Ifo  however,  the  trouble  is  not  treated 
properly  at  the  start  and  the  eyes  become  covered  with  a  film  of  a  white 
color,  or  in  advanced  stages  a  bluish  or  yellowish  tint,  more  thorough 
and  vigorous  application  of  "GILES"  must  be  made.  In  addition  to 
applying  the  remedy  to  the  eyeballs  with  a  soft  sponge,  a  pad  of  soft 
cloth  placed  over  the  eye  and  held  in  place  by  a  bandage  and  be  kept 
liberally  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Two-ounce  doses  of  "GILES" 
should  be  administered  by  the  mouth  every  two  to  three  hours  and  a 
daily  rectal  injection  of  like  amount. 

CATARACT — By  an  opaque  condition  of  the  crystalline  lens  or  its 


76  ♦ '  G  I  L  E  S. " 

capsule,  or  both,  the  light  that  enters  the  pupil  is  obstructed  on  its  way 
to  the  retina,  blindness  to  a  more  or  less  degree  being  the  result.  It 
may  be  but  a  small  white  or  bluish  spot  slightly  obscuring  the  vision  and 
causing  the  horse  to  shy,  or  it  may  entirely  cover  the  aifected  structures. 
Under  ordina:'"'  circumstances  the  presence  of  a  cataract  may  be  discov- 
ered by  holding  a  lighted  candle  upright  in  front  of  the  affected  eye.  If 
it  be  healthy,  three  vertical  reflections  of  the  candle  will  be  seen,  one 
on  the  cornea,  the  second  on  the  front  of  the  crystalline  lens  and  the 
third  upside  down  on  the  back  of  the  lens.  When  the  cataract  is  com- 
plete it  will  prevent  the  formation  of  the  third  image.  Old  cataracts 
have  a  pearly  white  appearance  and  newly  formed  ones  are  of  a  bluish 
color. 

TREATMENT — Poor  success  has  generally  attended  operations  for 
the  removal  of  cataracts  which  completely  cover  the  eye.  In  this  condi- 
tion, however,  the  eye  is  susceptible  to  the  effects  of  cold  and  will  be- 
come inflamed  and  watery.  This  inflammation  should  be  cared  for  by 
applying  "GILES"  as  directed  above,  because  if  the  eyeball  is  allowed 
to  become  greatly  inflamed  it  may  cause  it  to  burst,  suppurate  and  run 
from  the  socket.  Cataracts  while  forming  may  be  successfully  treated. 
The  use  of  "GILES"  for  the  removal  of  inflammation  under  all  condi- 
tions will  be  found  most  effective. 

WORMS  UNDER  THE  EYELIDS— Thread  worms  between  the  in- 
ternal surface  of  the  eyelids  and  the  ball  of  the  eye,  cause  considerable 
irritation,  the  chief  symptoms  being  weeping,  intolerance  to  light, 
opacity  of  the  cornea  and  tenderness.  In  long-standing  cases  the  cornea 
becomes  rough  and  scaly.  The  worm  (filaria  palpebrals)  varies  from 
one-quarter  to  two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  length.  It  is  occasionally  found 
in  the  lachrymal  canal. 

TREATMENT — Turn  back  the  eyelid,  remove  the  worm  and  apply 
"GILES"  as  above  directed  until  all  inflammation  is  removed. 


TROUBLES  OF  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

STRINGHALT — Among  the  ailments  coming  especially  under  this 
head  are  stringhalt,  crib  biting  and  wind  sucking,  shivering,  im- 
mobilite,  paralysis  of  the   face,   staggers  and  epilepsy,   although 
the  nerves  play  an  important  part  in  many  other  ailments. 

In  stringhalt  the  hock  is  more  energetically  flexed  or  bent  than  it  is 
extended  during  movement.  It  is  sometimes  intermittent,  being  present 
one  day  and  absent  probably  two  or  three  days.  In  the  worst  cases  it 
will  be  seen  at  every  step  the  horse  takes,  being  usually  confined  to  the 
hind  legs  and  occasionally  affecting  both  of  them.  It  grows  worse  with 
age,  hard  work  or  injury.  For  the  reason  that  a  leg  affected  with  string- 
halt  is  always  in  an  abnormally  high  state  of  sensibility,  it  is  generally 
regarded  as  a  nervous  affection. 

A  surgical  operation  for  stringhalt  if  properly  done  has  proven  quite 


HORSEWELFARE.  77 

successful  in  reducing  the  excessive  muscular  contraction.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  removing  a  portion  of  the  tendon  of  the  peroneus,  one  of 
the  muscles  that  helps  to  bend  the  hock,  which  throws  it  out  of  action. 
The  operation  is  made  more  complete  by  removing  a  piece  of  the  ten- 
don than  by  simply  dividing  it,  as  it  is  likely  to  reunite  if  the  latter 
plan  is  adopted.  The  operation  is  performed  on  the  outside  of  the  leg 
just  below  the  hock. 

SHIVERING — Is  manifested  by  involuntary,  irregular  movements 
usually  of  the  hind  quarters,  resembling  somewhat  those  of  St.  Vitus' 
dance  (chorea)  in  the  human  family.  In  some  cases  there  is  a  suspicious 
movement  of  the  tail,  in  others  an  erratic  action  of  the  hind  legs;  occa- 
sionally the  symptoms  are  intermittent.  In  aggravated  cases  symptoms 
are  evident  which  are  not  shown  in  the  early  stage.  If  stopped  suddenly, 
especially  if  drawing  a  load,  there  may  be  noticed  a  lack  of  control  of  the 
hind  extremities;  great  difficulty  is  experienced  in  backing  which  some- 
times is  impossible,  the  hind  feet  are  not  raised,  the  back  is  arched  and 
muscles  of  the  quarters  are  convulsed — shivering.  The  hind  legs  move  in  a 
jerky  manner  and  the  tail  is  spasmodically  elevated  when  startled  or 
backed.  Some  cases  show  decided  symptoms  when  offered  water  or  taken 
to  a  watering  trough.  As  soon  as  the  neck  is  extended  the  hind  quarters 
are  seized  with  spasm,  while  the  fore  feet  are  planted  firmly  on  the 
ground,  the  body  is  thrown  backward,  the  back  arched,  the  tail  and  quar- 
ter muscles  convulsively  shiver.  Aggravation  of  symptoms  may  accom- 
pany an  attack  of  strangles  or  influenza.  In  some  cases  the  spasms  ap- 
pear  in  the  fore  legs.  This  is  a  grave  unsoundness  for  which  there  is  lit- 
tle or  no  relief. 

IMMOBILITE  (Dummies) — Is  a  more  or  less  chronic  condition 
brought  on  by  various  forms  of  brain  affection,  of  which  water  on  the 
brain  is  the  most  common.  It  is  characterized  by  mental  torpidity  and 
failure  to  correctly  understand  external  impressions.  It  is  commonly 
called  "Dummies"  and  is  rare  in  this  country.  It  has  also  been  errone- 
ously classed  as  shivering. 

SYMPTOMS — There  is  pressure  on  the  brain  which  suffers  from  par- 
tial absorption,  with  more  or  less  loss  of  consciousness,  feeling  and 
power  of  volition.  Pulse  and  respiration  are  slow  with  an  entire  ab- 
sence of  fever.  There  is  a  tendency  to  go  round  in  a  circle  and  to  raise 
the  feet  very  high.  No  attention  is  paid  to  sights,  sounds  or  blows.  Food 
is  taken  in  an  irregular  manner  and  the  patient  frequently  holds  grass  or 
hay  in  the  mouth  for  some  time  without  moving  the  jaws.  The  expres- 
sion is  stupid  with  no  sense  of  surroundings.  Experience  does  not  justify 
hope  of  a  satisfactory  cure. 

STAGGERS  AND  EPILEPSY— This  ailment  in  its  mode  of  invasion 
twmewhat  resembles  apoplexy  and  may  be  caused  in  many  ways,  chief 
of  which  is  pressure  on  the  collar  giving  rise  to  congestion  of  the  brain. 
The  proof  of  this  is  the  fact  that  animals,  subject  to  the  attacks  when 
working  incoUrtrs,  were  free  from  them  when  a  breast  stran  was  used. 


78  "GILES.  " 

In  some  rare  instances  the  attack  is  due  to  brain  affection  and  it  then 
resembles  epilepsy,  which  comes  on  at  fairly  regular  intervals,  with  little 
or  no  warning,  accompanied  with  convulsions  and  unconsciousness. 

SYMPTOMS — The  horse  suddenly  throws  his  head  about,  stops, 
staggers  and  even  falls.  There  is  fullness  of  blood  in  the  head,  quick- 
ened breathing  and  often  convulsions  and  loss  of  consciousness. 

TREATMENT — The  only  treatment  which  will  prove  of  any  avail  in 
mitigating  the  nervous  ailments  above  described,  would  be  a  constitu- 
tional one  which  would  serve  to  tone  up  the  system  and  for  this  pur- 
pose give  2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day,  and  an  occasional 
rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  once  a  day  has  been  found  particularly  effi- 
cient in  mild  cases  or  at  commencement  of  manifestations  of  any  nerv- 
ous troubles. 


WOUNDS  AND  BRUISES. 

BRUSHING,  SPEEDY  CUTTING. 

INJURIES  from  external  violence  may  be  classed  as  clean  cuts, 
punctures,  lacerated  wounds  such  as  broken  knees  and  bruises. 
One  of  the  first  things  of  importance  in  case  of  open  wounds  is  to 
keep  out  poison  germs,  especially  putrefactive  or  pus  germs.  The  skin 
and  mucous  membrane  protect  the  body  with  considerable  efficiency 
from  the  action  of  bacteria,  but  when  either  of  these  coverings  become 
injured  by  a  wound  or  bruise,  the  underlying  tissues  are  rendered  spe- 
cially open  to  attack,  as  seen  by  the  tendency  to  form  pus,  which  readily 
dissolves  surrounding  tissue.  Pus  may  appear  as  a  discharge  from  a 
wound  or  in  a  collection  of  fluid  as  in  an  abscess,  the  skin  covering 
which  becomes  thin  and  weak  owing  to  the  corroding  action  of  the  pus, 
with  the  result  that  if  in  a  circumscribed  sac,  the  abscess  will  point,  or 
"come  to  a  head." 

Contusions  or  bruises  may,  for  convenience,  be  divided  into  two 
kind,  those  in  which  there  is  infusion  beneath  the  skin  without  marked 
injury  to  the  parts  beneath  it  and  those  in  which  the  tissues  below  the 
skin  are  severely  hurt.  In  these  injuries  there  will  always  be  a  rupture 
of  at  least  some  of  the  smaller  blood  vessels  and  the  swelling  will  con- 
sist of  blood  as  well  as  serum. 

OVER  REACHES — Wounds  or  bruises  caused  by  hind  shoe  or  hoof 
striking  the  fore  leg.  In  a  shod  horse  it  is  generally  inflicted  by  the  in- 
ner edge  of  the  toe  of  the  hind  shoe,  and  the  wound  will  usually  take  the 
form  of  a  flap.  In  exceptional  cases,  especially  when  leaping,  it  may  be 
made  by  the  front  part  of  the  toe  of  the  shoe  when  it  will  almost  always 
occur  above  the  fetlock.  The  injury  is  usually  on  the  soft  horn  just  above 
the  heels,  on  the  coronet  a  little  in  front  of  the  heels,  that  is,  on  the  rear 
part  of  the  inside  or  outside  quarter,  or  on  the  back  tendons. 

BRUSHING — Is  caused  by  the  outer  edge  of  the  inner  quarter  of 
the  shoe  or  by  the  rough  clinches  of  its  nails,  wounding  the  opposite  leg, 


HORSE     WELFARE.  79 

generally  on  the  fetlock.  Sometimes  the  injury  is  inflicted  higher  up,  or 
on  the  coronet  or  even  on  the  hoof;  the  pastern  is  seldom  injured  in 
this  manner. 

SPEEDY  CUTTING — The  term  interfering  is  sometimes  used  for 
both  brushing  and  speedy  cutting.  In  the  latter  the  horse  wounds  the 
inside  of  one  leg  near  the  knee  or  hock  with  the  other  fore  or  hind  foot. 
In  the  great  majority  of  cases  the  injury  is  inflicted  on  the  fore  leg,  al- 
though horses  have  been  known  to  speedy  cut  on  both  hind  legs  just  be- 
low the  hocks,  while  some  hit  themselves  on  the  cannon  bone  half  way 
between  the  knee  and  fetlock. 

SYMPTOMS — There  is  heat  and  swelling  with  more  or  less  fever 
and  pain.  In  two  or  three  days  an  abscess  may  appear.  Sometimes  the 
part  is  wounded  rather  than  bruised. 

TREATMENT — I'or  over  reaches,  brushing,  speedy  cutting  and  ail 
open  wounds:  In  all  ojen  wounds  which  do  not  penetrate  deeply,  to  a 
slightly  moist,  soft  sponge  apply  some  of  the  remedy  and  with  it  gently 
absorb  the  blood  which  exudes  until  the  hemorrhage  nearly  or  quite 
ceases.  Then  apply  oakum  or  a  pad  of  cheese  cloth  which  has  been  well 
saturated  with  "GILES"  to  the  wound  and  hold  in  place  by  a  loose 
bandage.  Keep  the  dressing,  which  may  be  allowed  to  remain  two  or 
three  days  well  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Upon  removing  the  dress- 
ing the  wound  should  be  gently  cleansed  of  all  foreign  matter,  by  the 
use  of  a  clean,  soft  cloth  wet  with  the  remedy  and  the  dressing  renewed 
until  the  injury  is  nearly  healed  when  it  may  be  left  open  to  the  air; 
but  the  remedy  should  be  gently  applied  two  or  three  times  a  day  to  keep 
the  edges  soft  and  prevent  the  forming  of  a  scab.  This  treatment  will, 
in  the  case  of  all  clean  cut  wounds  heal  them  without  a  scar,  and  in  the 
case  of  ragged  wounds  will  reduce  the  size  of  the  scar  to  a  minimum. 

DEEP  WOUNDS — In  most  cases  the  hemorrhages  can  be  stopped  by 
the  use  of  a  damp  sponge  saturated  with  "GILES"  as  above  described, 
after  which  the  remedy  should  be  syringed  into  the  opening  to  the 
extent  of  the  injury.  If  a  pocket  or  open  abscess,  containing  pus  should 
form,  a  long,  narrow  strip  of  cheese  cloth  or  gauze  well  saturated  with 
the  remedy  should  be  introduced  to  the  full  extent  of  the  wound  and  the 
pocket  or  cavity  filled  with  it,  leaving  an  end  projecting  slightly  from 
the  mouth  of  the  wound.  This  packing  should  be  allowed  to  remain 
for  twelve  hours  when  it  should  be  removed,  the  cavity  well  syringed 
with  the  remedy  and  packing  renewed.  Any  purulent  matter  which 
shows  should  be  wiped  away  with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  wet  with  the 
remedy.  This  treatment  will  cause  a  deep  wound  to  heal  from  the  bot- 
tom quickly  and  proper  application  of  the  remedy  to  the  surface  will 
cause  it  to  heal  and  leave  but  little  or  no  scar. 

WOUNDS  ON  OR  NEAR  THE  JOINTS— The  formation  of  an  open 
joint  is  one  of  the  most  serious  accidents  that  can  happen  to  a  horse,  as  it 
is  apt  to  cause  constitutional  disturbance  and  death  or  a  permanently 
stiff  joint.     The  injury  usually  occurs  on  the  knee,  fetlock  or  hock,  gen- 


80  "GILES." 

erally  caused  by  falls,  kicks  or  inexperien«ecl  probing  about  an  injured 
joint. 

SYMPTOMS — The  wound  will  have  an  ordinary  appearance  if  the 
joint  has  not  been  opened  or  seriously  injured,  except  that  there  may 
be  a  flow  of  oil  (joint  water),  which  may  take  place  from  wounded  sy- 
novial sacs  without  the  joint  having  been  penetrated.  The  discharge  be- 
comes more  and  more  unhealthy  in  case  of  an  inflammed  joint  until  it 
becomes  mixed  with  pus  and  blood  giving  off  a  fetid  odor.  The  joint 
swells  after  two  or  three  days,  with  high  fever  and  becomes  painful. 
Death  often  results  from  exhaustion. 

TREATMENT — Care  should  be  taken  in  probing  all  wounds  which 
are  near  the  joints  not  to  puncture  the  articular  cartilage  between  the 
ends  of  the  bones  forming  the  joint,  as  a  serious  condition  is  apt  to 
result.  When  the  puncture  of  this  protective  cartilage  is  the  result 
of  an  injury,  it  constitutes  a  wound  which  is  often  extremely  difficult  to 
heal.  The  best  treatment  is  the  liberal  application  of  "GILES"  which 
in  its  nature  is  healing  and  soothing  and  is  most  effective  for  the  pre- 
vention or  rem.oval  of  inflammation.  The  opening  of  the  wound  should 
be  kept  covered  with  oakum  well  saturated  with  the  remedy  and  held 
in  place  by  a  loose  bandage.  The  supply  of  "GILES"  on  the  oakum 
should  be  renewed  at  frequent  intervals  without  removal.  The  dress- 
ing need  be  taken  off  only  occasionally  to  note  the  condition  of  the 
wound  and  that  any  purulent  matter  may  be  wiped  away  with  a  clean, 
rough  cloth  which  is  first  moistened  with  the  remedy.  This  treatment 
applied  in  due  time  has  proven  to  be  productive  of  the  best  results. 

WOUNDS  OF  THE  ABDOMEN— These  are  usually  caused  by  jabs 
with  a  stable  fork,  by  the  horns  of  cattle,  impalement  on  spiked  fence 
or  sharp  pointed  stake  in  jumping,  in  carriage  accidents  and  by  various 
pointed  objects.  The  seriousness  of  such  a  wound  depends  upon  the 
entrance  of  the  object  into  the  abdominal  cavity;  of  the  introduction 
of  contaminated  matter  from  the  wounded  bowel  or  from  the  outside; 
on  the  extent  of  the  protrusion  of  the  contents  of  the  abdomen,  and 
on  the  character  of  the  injury  to  the  intestinal  organs.  The  great  dan- 
ger is  the  setting  up  of  inflammation  of  the  peritoneum;  by  the  escape 
into  it  of  a  portion  of  the  contents  of  the  alimentary  canal,  or  of  blood 
or  foreign  matter. 

TREATMENT— The  liberal  application  of  "GILES"  to  the  injury 
will  act  to  prevent  and  remove  inflammation  and  the  forming  of  ab- 
scesses. If  the  intestines  protrude,  they  should  be  carefully  cleansed 
of  all  foreign  substances  by  the  use  of  a  soft  cloth  wet  with  the  remedy 
and  gently  returned  to  their  proper  place  and  held  in  by  a  pad  made 
of  gauze  or  cheese  cloth  which  should  be  kept  well  soaked  with  the 
remedy. 

WOUNDS  IN  THE  CHEST— This  may  result  in  the  same  way  as 
those  of  the  abdomen  with  the  addition  of  wounds  by  broken  ribs,  of  the 
lungs  and  of  the  membranes  which  cover  them  and  line  the  chest.  The 
wounds  to  be  more  seriously  considered  are  those  which  penetrate  the 


HORSEWELFARE.  81 

wall  of  the  chest  or  injure  its  contents,  such  as  the  end  of  a  broken 
rib  might  make,  because  exterior  wounds  of  the  chest  need  no  special 
treatment  beyond  precautions  against  their  extension  into  the  chest. 
The  usual,  although  not  invariable  sign  of  a  lung  being  wounded  is  a 
frothy  discharge  of  blood  from  the  nose.  Instead  of  issuing  from  the 
wound,  the  blood  may  be  discharged  into  the  cavity  between  the  lungs 
and  wall  of  the  chest,  which  is  sure  to  take  place  when  there  is  no 
external  outlet  for  the  fluid.  Another  symptom  of  internal  bleeding 
will  bo  paleness  of  the  mucous  membranes,  weakness  of  pulse,  depres- 
sion of  the  vital  forces  from  loss  of  blood  and  more  or  less  difftculty  of 
breathing  caused  by  the  pressure  of  blood  in  the  pleural  sac.  The  pres- 
ence of  blood  in  this  pleural  sac  is  very  dangerous  especially  in  con- 
junction with  an  external  woimd.  Emphysema,  an  accumulation  of  air  in 
the  loose  connective  tissue  under  the  skin  between  the  muscles  and 
other  structures  near  the  surface  of  the  body  may  occur;  or  pneumo- 
thorax, accumulation  of  air  in  the  pleural  sac  from  an  external  opening 
or  wound  in  the  lung;  or  pleurisy  or  pnemnonia  which  will  respectively 
follow  wounds  of  the  lungs  or  pleura;  or  empyema,  pus  in  the  pleural 
sac,  brought  on  by  the  entrance  of  germ  laden  material. 

Treatment — Treat  as  directed  for  punctures  and  deep  wounds. 
(Pages  79-83.) 

BLEEDING  AFTER  CASTRATION— Serious  bleeding  may  occur 
after  this  operation,  owing  to  the  unusual  size  of  the  artery,  weakness 
of  the  walls  of  the  blood  vessels,  unskilful  operation  or  other  causes. 

TREATMENT — The  usual  styptics  employed  are  of  an  irritating  na- 
ture and  leave  bad  after  effects.  Liberal  applications  of  "GILES"  will 
in  most  cases  prove  effective  in  stopping  the  hemorrhages  and  prevent 
subseciuent  inflammation. 

PERITONITIS— Inflammation  of  the  peritoneum,  which  is  the 
smooth,  glistening  membrane  which  lines  the  walls  of  the  abdomen  and 
covers  the  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  intestines  and  other  abdominal  organs. 
It  descends  at  each  side  through  the  inguinal  canal,  lines  the  scrotum 
and  covers  the'  testicles,  thus  forming  a  closed  cavity  or  sac.  Peritonitis 
may  bo  confined  to  one  spot  or  be  diffused  more  or  less  over  the  entire 
surface.  It  may  be  acute  or  chronic,  primitive  or  secondary  to  an  injury 
or  other  affection,  although  it  is  almost  always  acute  or  secondary.  The 
usual  cause  is  injury  to  the  peritoneum,  as  in  castration,  penetration  of 
the  abdomen,  hernia  and  foaling.  It  may  be  brought  on  by  drinking  an 
excessive  quantity  of  cold  water  or  the  eating  of  large  quantities  of 
snow  or  ice. 

S"S:MPT0MS — High  arterial  pressure  shown  by  frequent  and  wiry 
pulse ;  hurried  breathing,  rigidity  and  distension  of  the  abdomen  which  is 
very  painful  to  the  touch;  arching  of  the  back  and  tucking  up  of  the 
belly,  great  depression  and  distress,  disinclination  to  move,  painful  at- 
tempts to  void  the  urine  and  coldness  of  ears  and  legs.  To  the  last  the 
lungs  seem  to  act  well,  but  the  heart  appears  unable  to  supply  them 
with  blood. 


82  "GILES." 

TREATMENT — Treatment   as   instructed   for   colic    (page   53)    and 
liberal  external  application  will  afford  the  best  possible  means  of  relief. 


BRUISES— HAENESS  GALLS, 

POLL  EVIL,  PUNCTURES. 

BROKEN  KNEES  is  any  wound  inflicted  on  a  horse's  knees  by  fall- 
ing or  hitting  them.  The  injury  is  sometimes  so  severe  that  the 
tendon  is  crusl  ed  and  may  slough  off  after  four  or  live  days  and 
leave  the  joint  exposed.  Whether  this  occurs  either  by  sloughing  or 
laceration,  there  is  great  danger  and  in  the  event  of  recovery,  the  ani- 
mal will  have  a  stiff  knee  joint.  This  may  also  be  complicated  with  a 
fracture  of  one  or  more  of  the  bones  of  the  knee. 

HAENESS  GALLS— The  saddle  pad  of  the  harness  is  liable  to  injure 
the  withers  in  the  same  way  as  a  riding  saddle.  The  shoulders,  breast  and 
neck  may  be  galled  by  the  collar  or  breast  harness  and  the  sides  of  the 
traces.   See  treatment  under  galls  and  surface  sores. 

POLL  EVIL  (Fistula  of  the  poll) — This  is  an  inflamed  condition 
which  tends  to  the  formation  of  deep-seated  tubular  abscesses  on.  the 
top  of  the  neck  immediately  behind  the  ears,  the  result  of  injury.  Among 
the  causes  of  poll  evil  are  chafing  by  the  halter  or  heavy  bridle,  from 
blows  on  the  part,  or  from  the  horse  striking  his  head  against  a  hay 
rack,  low  doors,  beams  of  the  ceiling,  etc.  Cases, of  it  have  been  seen  in 
work  horses  which  rub  the  poll  against  hard  objects  when  suffering  from 
irritation  caused  by  wearing  heavy,  ill  fitting  bridles.  The  parasites,  dis- 
comysis  ectui,  will  gain  entrance  to  the  poll-evil  sore. 

SYMPTOMS — The  existence  of  a  fistulous  ulcer  of  the  poll  may  first 
be  indicated  by  the  opposition  of  the  animal  to  the  stable  brush  or  bridle. 
The  part  is  then  so  sore  and  sensitive  that  disagreeable  stable  habits 
may  be  acquired  by  the  animal  unless  carefully  handled.  Abscesses  form 
and  break  out  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  which  are  usually  smaller  at 
the  opening  than  at  the  bottom,  provided  with  a  pipe  or  sack  and  pock- 
ets may  also  form,  in  which  case  there  is  danger  that  the  internal  liga- 
ments or  even  some  of  the  bones  have  become  affected.  In  the  early 
stages,  a  swelling  about  the  size  of  a  mole  is  observed,  which  is  soft, 
feels  as  if  full  of  fluid  and  is  hot  and  painful.  As  the  trouble  progresses 
the  sv/elling  becomes  hard  and  diffuse  and  the  patient  carries  his  head 
stiffly  on  account  of  the  pain.  Later  the  inflammation  of  the  surround- 
ing tissues  may  disappear,  leaving  a  prominent  tumor.  The  swelling 
may  open  and  form  a  running  ulcer,  or  its  contents  may  dry  up  and 
leave  a  tumor  which  gradually  devolops  the  common  characteristics  of 
a  fibrous  tumor.  Again,  there  may  be  only  a  regular  abscess  wall  with 
no  pockets  or  sinuses.  Death  may  occur  from  exhaustion  or  from  pus 
gaining  entrance  to  the  spinal  cord,  especially  in  cases  where  the  abscess 
contains  pipes  or  tubes,  or  pockets. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  the  full  extent  of  the 


HORSEWELFAKE.  83 


injury  with  as  much  rubbing  as  conditions  will  permit.  Repeat  three  or 
four  times  daily  and  if  the  location  of  the  injury  makes  it  convenient, 
apply  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy  and  held  in  place  by  a  loose 
bandage.  Keep  the  oakum  well  soaked  with  the  remedy.  Should  an 
abscess  form  and  show  signs  of  opening,  it  should  not  be  operated  on 
until  there  is  apparent  certainty  that  the  suppuration  is  just  beneath  the 
skin,  when  it  may  be  lanced  and  the  opening  made  of  sufficient  size  to 
admit  «f  the  introduction  of  packing  to  the  full  extent  of  the  abscess, 
with  cheese  cloth  or  gauze  saturated  with  the  remedy.  A  long,  narrow 
strip  is  best  for  the  purpose  and  the  probe,  which  is  part  of  the  GILES 
VETERINARY  OUTFIT,  is  the  most  convenient  instrument  to  aid  in 
packing  it.  The  abscess  should  be  probed  at  each  daily  dressing  to  find 
its  full  extent  or  the  existence  of  any  branches,  called  pockets.  The 
packing  should  be  renewed  at  each  dressing,  the  wound  thoroughly 
syringed  out  with  the  remedy  and  as  much  pus  and  foreign  matter  as 
possible,  without  causing  the  anim^al  too  much  suffering,  be  wiped  away 
with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  moistened  with  the  remedy,  after  which  the 
packing  should  be  renewed.  After  a  few  days  of  this  treatment,  the  pipe 
or  sac  which  acts  as  a  feeder,  can  easily  be  distinguished  with  the  probe 
and  can  readily  be  extracted.  The  abscess  will  then  heal  from  the  bottom 
if  the  treatment  as  directed  is  faithfully  followed. 

WOUNDS  OF  THE  MOUTH — Injuries  of  this  character  are  usually 
made  by  the  bit,  especially  with  recently  broken  animals,  the  interdental 
spaces  and  corners  of  the  mouth  being  the  chief  parts  injured.  The 
tongue  is  also  sometimes  injured  by  holding  it  when  giving  a  ball;  the 
tongue,  bars  and  chin  groove  have  been  cruelly  hurt  by  a  twitch;  a 
curb  bit  or  even  a  twisted  snaffle  or  one  made  of  chain  often  bruises  and 
lacerates  the  bars  when  sawn  through  the  mouth.  The  actioji  of  a  severe 
curb  bit  sometimes  injures  the  bone  of  the  lower  jaw  and  even  fractures 
it,  while  a  sharp,  tight  curb  chain,  frequently  wounds  the  chin  groove 
and  lips. 

TREATMENT— The  most  effective  treatment  after  mitigating  the 
cause,  is  to  bathe  the  lacerations  with  a  soft  sponge  wet  with  "GILES." 
PUNCTURES— Such  accidents  are  most  common  about  the  knee, 
fetlock  and  fore  arm,  when  the  latter  part  is  so  injured,  the  consequences 
are  likely  to  be  serious,  bwing  to  the  tendency  of  the  forming  pus  to 
work  down  toward  the  knee  by  reason  of  the  fibrous  nature  of  the  fore- 
arm. In  case  a  thorn  penetrates  the  skin  near  a  joint,  the  seriousness  of 
the  injury  may  be  observed  by  th3  extent  of  the  ensuing  lameness. 
Capped  knee  and  capped  fetlock  are  sometimes  caused  by  thorns  pene- 
trating the  synovial  sacs  of  the  joints. 

TREATMENT— Bathe  the  vicinity  of  the  injury  with  "GILES" 
and  Introduce  as  much  as  possible  into  the  opening.  The  opening  should 
not  be  allowed  to  close  until  it  is  healed  from  the  bottom,  as  serious 
abscess  and  blood  poison  may  result.  Unless  the  injury  heals  from  first 
intention  the  cavity  should  be  packed  to  the  bottom  with  a  narrow  strip 
of  cloth  which  has  first  been  saturated  with  "GILES,"    It  should  be 


84  "GILES." 

packed  full  and  the  end  be  allowed  to  protrude  from  the  opening  to  aid 
in  its  withdrawal.  This  packing  should  be  removed  every  twenty-four 
hours,  the  cavity  well  syringed  out  with  the  remedy  and  the  packing  re- 
placed. At  each  subsequent  dressing  the  extent  of  the  wound  will  appear 
to  be  less  by  reason  of  its  healing  from  the  bottom.  The  wound  should 
be  gently  probed  occasionally  to  ascertain  if  there  be  any  branch  open- 
ings or  pockets  and  if  found  they  should  be  packed  and  treated  as  herein 
directed. 

GALLS  AND  SURFACE  SORES— These  are  usually  caused  by  an 
abrasion  of  the  skin  from  a  rough,  ill-fitting  saddle  or  collar,  or  contact 
with  3ome  other  surface  which  removes  the  hair  and  scarf  skin  and  in- 
jures the  true  skin.  If  these  injuries  are  neglected,  they  will  render  the 
animal  unfit  for  work;  but  if  properly  treated  and  the  cause  removed, 
will  prove  of  slight  consequence. 

TREATMENT — Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  the  raw  surface  with 
a  small  wad  of  oakum  and  if  the  horse  is  continued  at  work,  relieve  the 
pressure  from  the  galled  place  as  much  as  possible.  Apply  the  remedy 
as  frequently  as  circumstances  will  permit  and  immediately  upon  removal 
of  saddle  or  harness.  In  case  of  old  galls  and  sore  backs,  where  a  hard 
scab  is  formed,  the  scab  should  be  softened  by  frequent  application  of 
the  remedy  and  removed.  Pus  will  often  be  found  beneath  these  scabs, 
which  should  be  well  wiped  away  with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  wet  with 
"GILES."  Any  slight  bleeding  which  may  occur,  but  improves  the 
condition  of  the  sore.  Frequent  application  of  "GILES"  to  the  sore 
will  result  in  the  removal  of  inflammation  and  soreness  and  its  healing 
without  a  scab.  A  convenient  method  of  treatment  is  to  mix  wheat 
flour  with  "GILES"  to  the  consistency  of  a  paste  and  apply  as  an  oint- 
ment. This  paste  will  be  found  most  convenient  and  effective  as  a  healer 
without  danger  of  drying  up  the  sore  too  rapidly  at  the  surface  and 
leaving  an  unhealthy  condition  underneath  as  does  many  of  the  healing 
powders  and  so-called  gall  cures. 


FOR  BURNS  AND  SCALDS. 

LEADING  authorities  divide  these  injuries  into  burns  of  the  first 
degree,  in  which  only  the  hair  has  been  consumed  and  slight  inflamma- 
tion of  the  skin  set  up;  burns  of  the  second  degree  in  which  blisters  and 
pustules  have  been  produced,  and  burns  of  the  third  degree  in  which 
the  skin  has  become  charred,  with  or  without  grave  results.  The  burn 
or  scald  injures  by  nervous  shock. 

TREATMENT — "GILES"  is  the  most  potent  and  quickly  effective 
application  possible  for  burns  and  scalds  of  every  nature  and  wherever 
located.  Its  liberal  application  to  the  injured  part  will  have  the  effect 
of  instant  relief  and  its  continued  liberal  use  will  remove  all  inflamma- 
tion and  pain  and  cause  the  injury  to  heal  in  most  instances,  without 
a  scar.  A  pad  of  gauze  or  cheese  cloth  the  size  of  the  injury  and  thor- 
oughly saturated  with  "GILES"  should  be  applied  and  held  in  place 
by  a  loose  bandage.    The  dressing  should  be  kept  thoroughly  wet  with 


HORSE     WELFARE.  85 

the  remedy  without  removal.  The  use  of  the  paste  dressing  (page  24) 
is  an  effective  mode  of  application,  as  thereby  the  air  is  excluded.  More 
of  the  remedy  may  be  added  from  time  to  time  without  removal  of  the 
dressing  as  with  the  pad.  Rope  burns  which  are  ordinarily  difficult  of 
healing  may  be  quickly  cured  by  this  treatment.  In  cases  of  severe  burns 
and  scalds,  the  intense  pain  will  cause  a  rise  in  temperature  and  2-ounce 
doses  of  "GILES"  should  be  administered  every  one  to  three  hours  to 
counteract  the  constitutional  disturbance.  An  occasional  rectal  injec- 
tion of  2-ounces  during  the  treatment  is  recommended. 

LIGHTNING  STROKE — Horses  may  receive  an  electric  shock  from 
lightning  or  from  a  live  wire  which  may  cause  instant  death  or  more 
or  less  unconsciousness  and  paralysis.  Aside  from  the  effect  on  the 
nerves  the  electricity  may  bum  the  skin,  hair  and  underlying  structures, 
may  tear  the  soft  parts  and  even  break  the  bones. 

TREATMENT— Liberal  administration  of  "GILES"  as  relief  from 
constitutional  disturbance  and  the  directions  for  burns  and  scalds  (page 
84)   will  prove  the  best  possible  treatment. 

FROSTBITE— This  is  usually  confined  to  the  frog  of  the  foot,  giving 
rise  to  thrush,  and  to  the  skin  of  the  pastern.  Salt  strewn  on  snow  to 
melt  it  is  frequently  the  cause  of  frostbite  in  the  feet.  The  cause  of 
frosbite  is  due  to  the  fact  that  if  tiie  blood  is  driven  out  of  any  part 
for  two  or  three  minutes,  inflammation  will  set  up  if  the  blood  is  allowed 
to  return  to  the  vessels,  especially  in  large  quantities.  If  the  blood  ves- 
sels continue  to  be  deprived  of  blood  for  a  comparatively  long  period, 
they  will  become  incapable  of  reeciving  any  blood  and  the  part  will  re- 
main dead  and  suppuration  will  be  set  up  in  healthy  adjoining  tissue  and 
the  dead  part  become  separated.  In  cases  which  admit  of  recovery  the 
inflammation  caused  by  the  re-entrance  of  the  blood  will  not  be  suffi- 
ciently intense  to  cause  destruction  of  the  part,  but  the  readmission 
of  the  blood  should  be  very  regular,  for  the  greater  the  amount  the 
greater  the  irritation. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  the  aflected  part  on 
oakum  or  the  paste.     (Page  24.) 


ECZEMA  OF  THE  PASTERN 

SCRATCHES,  CRACKED  HEELS  AND  GREASE  (Eczema  of  the 
pastern) — An  inflamed  condition  of  the  skin  at  the  back  of  the 
pastern,  produced  by  irritation;  mild  cases  being  called  cracked 
heels  or  scratches,  bad  ones,  grease.  The  large,  warty  growths  which 
sometijnes  accompany  grease,  are  called  grapes.  The  local  circulation  of 
the  blood  being  interfered  with  any  destruction  of  the  tissues  forming 
the  epidermis  or  scarf  skin,  irritates  the  true  skin  and  renders  the  animal 
more  susceptible  to  these  conditions.  Germs  easily  gain  entrance  to 
cracked  heels,  infect  the  part  and  produce  the  condition  of  grease. 
Moisture  and  filth  in  a  stable  as  well  as  the  ammonia  are  largely  re- 


86  "GILES." 

sponsible  for  these  troubles.  Dew  taken  up  by  the  feet  from  the  ground, 
sweat  running  down  and  drying  on  the  pasterns,  especially  if  a  cold 
wind  be  blowing,  are  often  the  first  cause  of  the  trouble.  Feeding  horses 
on  unwholesome  oats  is  a  predisposing  influence.  White  pasterns,  as  a 
rule,  especially  in  pleasure  horses,  are  more  liable  to  the  affection  than 
dark  ones,  because  the  dirt  showing  more  prominently  on  the  white, 
they  are  more  freciuently  washed,  therefore  subject  to  more  moisture. 
Cold  has  a  marked  effect  in  producing  the  trouble  by  drawing  the  blood- 
from  the  pastern  for  a  time  and  on  its  return  the  inflammation  is  set  up. 
Want  of  exercise  has  a  predisposing  influence.  High  feeding  will  also 
predispose  the  animal  to  inflammatory  attacks  of  the  skin  as  well  as  of 
other  parts. 

SYMPTOMS — The  secretion  of  oil  is  interfered  with  when  inflamma- 
tion is  set  up  in  the  part  and  cracks  usually  occur  in  the  places  where 
the  skin  becomes  wrinkled  when  the  pastern  joints  are  bent.  The  dis- 
charge from  the  pustules  has  an  offensive  odor  and  exerts  an  irritating 
effect  on  the  skin,  which  becomes  thickened  according  to  the  degree  of 
inflammation.  In  the  progress  of  the  ailment  the  hair  over  the  part  falls 
out  and  the  cracks  become  filled  with  hard,  fibrous  tissue,  which  in  severe 
cases  stands  out  in  thick  ridges.  In  grapes  the  papillae  of  the  skin  are 
affected  and  warts,  which  may  in  extreme  cases,  be  as  large  as  a  man's 
fist,  appear  on  the  surface.  In  case  there  is  no  discharge,  the  surface 
of  the  part  will  be  covered  with  horny  growths  of  a  mealy  appearance. 

TREATMENT — In  mild  cases  "GILES"  should  be  applied  and 
gently  rubbed  in  to  the  cracks  and  openings  with  a  small  piece  of  soft 
cloth  or  the  tips  of  the  fingers.  When  previous  applications  of  salves, 
ointments,  etc.,  have  been  made,  treatment  should  commence  by  thor- 
oughly saturating  a  wad  of  oakum  and  binding  it  on  the  affected  part 
with  a  loose  bandage.  Remove  after  twelve  hours  when  much  of  the 
soreness  will  be  gone.  Cleanse  the  sores  with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  wet 
with  the  remedy,  and  use  no  water.  By  this  means  remove  all  foreign 
m.atter  and  apply  a  fresh  wad  of  oakum  as  before.  This  treatment  is 
most  effective  for  removing  soreness  and  sores.  During  treatment  the 
condition  of  the  blood  should  be  looked  after  by  administering  2-ounce 
doses  of  "GILES"  three  or  four  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of 
like  amount  once  a  day  for  several  days.  After  which  a  constitutional 
treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  twice  a  day  should  be  followed  for  a  time  to 
effectually  change  the  condition  of  the  blood  which  manifests  itself  in 
the  susceptibility  of  the  skin  to  irritation.  When  horses  are  worked  dur- 
ing treatment,  the  bandages  should  be  removed  in  the  morning  and  re- 
placed at  night  after  wiping  away  the  accumulated  dirt  with  a  clean, 
rough  rag  wet  with  the  remedy. 

Chronic  cases  of  grease  which  are  not  amenable  to  the  above  treat- 
ment, will  require  more  effective  measures.  The  administration  by  the 
mouth  should  be  increased  to  purify  the  blood  and  renovate  the  system 
and  in  serious  cases  if  the  sores  refuse  to  heal,  they  may  be  cauterized 
with  a  hot  iron,  after  which  liberal  application  of  the  remedy  will  cause 


HORSEWELFARE.  87 

them  to  slough  and  assume  a  healthy  condition.   They  -will  then  soon  heal 
on  continued  application  of  the  remedy. 


AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  SKIN, 

FORMS  OF  ECZEMA,  WARTS. 

IS  an  inflammation  of  the  skin  which  is  accom.panied  with  an  erup- 
tion of  pimples  that  become  filled  with  serum  which  may  escape 
or  dry  up,  leaving  scabs  or  scales  on  the  skin.  When  infected  with 
putrefactive  germs,  pus  is  formed  instead  of  serum.  These  eruptions 
may  be  scattered  or  collected  in  groups  of  various  forms.  This  trouble 
may  be  primarily  caused  by  anything  that  interferes  with  the  healthy  ac- 
tion of  the  skin,  such  as  checked  perspiration;  errors  in  feeding;  irrita- 
tion from  wearing  woolen  or  dirty  clothing;  allowing  dirt  to  accumulate 
on  the  skin;  want  of  grooming;  a  heated  state  of  the  skin,  or  by  infec- 
tion. The  root  of  the  tail  is  often  the  chief  point  of  attack,  or  the  erup- 
tions may  extend  over  any  part  of  the  body,  the  neck,  shoulders,  flanks, 
insides  of  thighs  and  root  of  the  tail  being  the  usual  spots  attacked. 

TREATMENT — Apply  the  remedy  to  the  sore  spots  by  means  of  a 
small  wad  of  oakum  and  constitutional  doses  of  2-ounces  two  or  three 
times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  is  recom- 
mended as  the  most  effective  treatment  for  this  trouble. 

ECZEMA  OF  THE  TAIL  (Itchy  Tail)— Is  an  irritable  condition  of 
the  dock  which  induces  the  horse  to  rub  it  against  any  convenient  object. 
This  act  is  prompted  by  the  skin  of  the  part  being  affected,  from  the 
end  of  the  tail  being  sore  after  docking,  or  by  reflex  action  due  to  worms. 
Dirt  is  a  frequent  cause  of  this  condition  as  well  as  itchiness  of  the 
mane. 

TREATMENT — Give  the  tail  a  good  brushing  and  apply  the  reme- 
(*y,  ruobing  it  in  well  with  the  points  of  the  fingers.  Then  give  the  con- 
stitutional treatment  as  prescribed  for  simple  eczema. 

ECZEMA  OF  THE  LEGS  AND  ABDOMEN  (Mud  Fever)— Is  an 
inflammation  of  the  skin  of  the  legs  which  sometimes  extends  to  the  belly 
and  is  caused  by  the  action  of  moisture  and  mud,  and  particularly  from 
the  habit  of  washing  the  legs  after  work  through  wet  and  dirt.  There 
is  usually  present  a  certain  amount  of  fever  brought  on  by  the  irritation 
of  the  skin.  The  legs  become  sore.  As  in  cracked  heels  the  oil  glands  do 
not  furnish  enough  oil  to  keep  the  affected  skin  in  a  soft,  pliable  condi- 
tion. The  practice  of  clipping  horses'  legs  is  a  strong,  predisposing  cause 
of  this  trouble  as  well  as  of  cracked  heels. 

TREATMENT— Liberal  applications  of  "GILES"  to  the  affected 
parts  thoroughly  but  gently  rubbed  in,  together  with  the  constitutional 
treatment  prescribed  for  scratches  and  grease  will  prove  most  effective 
in  the  treatment  of  this  trouble. 

NETTLE  RASH  OR  URTICARIA  (Surfeit)— An  erruption  of  small. 
Irregular  lumps  or  boils  which  break  out  suddenly,  as  a  rule,  on  the 
horse's  body  and  neck  and  rarely  on  the  legs.   In  saddle  horses  the  favor- 


88  "GILES." 

Ite  seat  of  the  eruption  is  on  the  upper  part  of  the  "back  where  the  saddlo 
bears.  Sometimes  after  two  or  three  days  the  lumps  form  scabs  which 
usually  fall  oif>  leaving  a  hairless  patch  of  skin,  and  these  spots  usually 
remain  as  permanent  marks  on  the  coat. 

Surfeit  is  usually  caused  by  food  which  disturbs  the  digestion  and 
is  of  germ  origin. 

TREATMENT — Administer  constitutional  treatment  of  "GULES" 
2-ounces  three  to  four  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  once 
a  day  for  four  or  five  days,  to  be  followed  for  some  time  with  2-ounces 
two  or  three  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection.  Apply  the 
remedy  to  the  sore  spots  with  a  wad  of  oakum.  This  treatment  has  in 
every  known  case  proven  promptly  effective  where  others  have  failed. 

SCALY  ECZEMA  (Pityriasis  or  Psoriasis) — Like  simple  eczema  is 
an  affection  of  the  skin  which  starts  in  the  epidermis  and  gets  into  the 
blood  through  its  irritation  of  the  true  skin.  There  is  no  difference  be- 
tween it  and  simple  eczema,  except  that  it  is  a  more  advanced  or  chronic 
stage.  The  scaly  stage  of  eczema  is  often  accompanied  by  cracks  in  the 
affected  skin,  the  inflammation  interfering  with  the  oil  glands  and  also 
causing  thickening  of  the  part.  The  cracks  exude  serum  and  blood  in 
severe  cases,  which  aid  in  the  formation  of  scabs.  When  it  is  seen  behind 
the  knees  it  is  called  "mallenders,"  and  when  in  front  of  the  hocks, 
"  sallenders. "  It  also  appears  on  the  neck  just  in  front  of  the  withers 
and  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  root  of  the  tail. 

TREATMENT — Rubbing  the  remedy  well  into  the  sore  and  giving 
constitutional  treatment  as  recommended  for  grease  will  result  favorably. 

WARTS  AND  NJEYl — ^A  formation  of  excrescences  due  to  an  im- 
paired state  of  the  vitality  of  the  skin  caused  by  uncleanliness  and  im- 
purity of  the  blood.  Warts  are  generally  found  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  belly,  on  the  lips,  nostrils  and  eyelids;  about  the  sheath  and  penis 
of  the  horse  and  the  udder  of  the  mare.  Nsevi  are  tumors  formed  by 
new  growths  of  blood  vessels.  They  resemble  warts  somewhat  in  appear- 
ance, but  have  a  broader  base  and  are  more  inclined  to  bleed  from  in- 
jury.  They  indicate  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the  blood. 

TREATMENT — In  case  of  warts  when  the  skin  is  not  broken  the 
remedy  should  be  liberally  applied  and  thoroughly  rubbed  in  with  the 
points  of  the  fingers  to  produce  an  irritation.  After  soreness  prevails, 
the  remedy  should  be  freq.uently  applied,  but  with  less  friction.  This 
should  have  the  effect  of  creating  a  circulation  and  the  removal  of  the 
bunch  by  absorption.  Nsevi  being  a  small  tumor  or  ulcer,  sometimes 
termed  a  rose  cancer,  will  best  be  treated  by  cauterizing  slightly  with  a 
hot  iron  at  intervals  of  two  or  three  days.  Iir  the  meantime  frequent 
applications  of  the  remedy  should  be  made.  This  treatment  has  proven 
most  effective  in  the  removal  and  thorough  healing  of  these  sores. 

WARTS  ON  THE  PENIS — In  most  cases  these  can  be  readily 
pinched  off.  After  which,  the  remedy  should  be  liberally  applied,  which 
■"vill  result  in  the  healing  of  the  sore  promptly.  Extra  large  warts  may 
oe  clipped  off  with  a  pair  of  shears,  and  the  bleeding  abated  by  cauter- 


HORSE     WELFARE. 


89 


ization,  after  which  the  remedy  should  be  applied  daily  until  fully 
healed. 

HIDEBOUND — ^While  not  in  itself  a  distinctive  ailment,  is  a  marked 
symptom  of  ill-health  and  accompanies  or  precedes  many  serious  ail- 
ments. The  skin  becomes  dry  and  hard  and  is  tight  all  over  the  body, 
so  that  it  is  difficult  to  pinch  it  iip  anywhere  over  the  ribs.  It  is  usually 
brought  on  by  indigestion,  derangement  of  the  liver  or  worms. 

TREATMENT — Constitutional  treatment  by  the  administration  of 
2-ounce  doses  three  or  four  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like 
amount  twice  a  day  for  two  or  three  days  and  then  less  often  for  ten 
days  or  two  weeks  will  induce  healthy  circulation,  improve  the  appetite 
and  put  the  digestive  organs  in  proper  condition.  If  worms  are  manifest, 
treatment  should  be  accorded  as  for  worms.     (Page  72.) 

LEUCODERMA — An  abnormal  white  condition  of  the  skin  which 
occurs  in  patches  on  various  parts  of  the  body.  It  appears  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  thin  skin  of  the  face,  especially  about  the  nostrils  and 
around  the  eyes,  under  the  surface  of  the  tail,  and  parts  between  the 
hind  legs,  from  the  anus  to  the  sheath  or  udder.  These  patches  are  lia- 
ble to  increase  or  decrease  in  size  without  any  apparent  cause.  Although 
it  is  unsightly,  it  has  no  effect  on  the  health  of  the  parts.  About  all  that 
is  kno^Am  of  it  is  that  there  is  a  deficiency  of  pigment  under  the  skin. 


Perforaliis  tendon 
■■■Perfamjii  tendon 
Chzck  ligament 

Susjunsory  ligament. 


■•■.  Susp.ens0ry  U^amfJtl 
■  ■  ■  Hrfbtxuts  lendntv 
Pedal  bone  or  coffin  bono 


Diagram  of  bones,  tendons,  and  ligaments  of  neat  fore  leg. 


90  "GILES. 


INJURIES  TO  LIGAMENTS, 

TENDONS,  JOINTS,  MUSCLES. 

AN  injury  to  ligament,  tendon,  joint  or  muscle,  caused  by  an  ex- 
cessive pull  or  twist  or  by  the  repeated  application  of  such  in- 
jurious force,  with  the  result  that  the  fibres  of  the  part  are  more 
or  less  broken,  overstretched  or  torn  away  from  the  bones  or  other 
structures  to  which  they  were  attached,  is  a  sprain.  The  ligaments  are 
composed  of  strong,  inelastic  tissue,  binding  together  various  structures, 
and  are  especially  exposed  to  this  accident.  In  the  knee,  for  instance, 
there  are  two  lateral  ligaments  fixed  on  each  side  of  the  joint  to  the 
ends  of  the  bones  immediately  above  and  below  it  to  prevent  side  play. 
The  joints  are  protected  by  capsular  ligament  and  the  supensory  liga- 
ment aids  in  preventing  the  fetlock  from  coming  down  on  the  ground 
when  the  horse  puts  his  weight  on  the  foot.  The  sinews,  or  tendons,  are 
of  the  same  composition  as  the  ligaments  and  are  strong,  inelastic  to  con- 
nect tl:e  muscles  to  the  bones,  being  spliced  on  to  a  muscle  at  one  end 
and  attached  to  a  bone  at  the  other.  The  muscles  give  rise  to  the  move- 
ments of  the  body  by  their  power  of  contraction. 

Ligaments  as  well  as  tendons  may  break  right  across  or  they  may 
tear  here  and  there,  especially  small  portions  of  them,  so  that  the  whole 
thickness  is  not  broken  across  at  any  one  spot,  but  they  will  not  stretch. 
When,  however,  there  happens  to  be  a  continuous  strain  for  some  time 
they  may  become  elongated,  due  to  the  slight  inflammation  then  present 
softening  the  fibres  imtil  they  yield.  Commonly  the  ligaments  separate 
from  the  bone,  although  they  sometimes  give  way  in  the  middle  or  wrench 
from  it  a  small,  thin  scale  corresponding  to  their  attachment,  due  in  part 
to  the  arrangement  of  their  fibres.  Ligaments  are  woven  strongly  to- 
gether in  the  center,  but  are  spread  out  like  a  fan  at  their  ends  in  order 
to  secure  wider  attachment.  One  that  will  withstand  a  straight  pull  of 
great  violence,  will  yield  to  a  twisting  force  which  pulls  the  fibres  one  by 
one,  tearing  them  loose.  Muscular  fibres  may  also  be  more  or  less  torn 
from  sprain. 

TREATMENT — ^As  soon  after  the  injur^''as  possible  the  part  should 
be  liberally  bathed  with  "GILES"  and  hand  rubbed,  gently  at  first,  until 
part  of  the  soreness  is  removed,  then  with  increased  friction.  This  hand 
rubbing  should  be  continued  from  thirty  minutes  to  one  hour.  After 
which  the  application  of  a  paste  made  from  mixing  wheat  flour  with 
"GILES"  to  a  proper  consistency  to  admit  of  its  being  spread  on  a  cloth 
and  applied  to  the  injured  part,  held  firmly  in  place  by  a  bandage.  Care 
should  be  taken  not  to  draw  the  bandage  tight  enough  to  interfere  with 


HORSEWELFARE.  91 

the  circulation.  More  of  the  remedy  may  be  applied  from  time  to  time 
as  needed,  by  syringing  it  into  the  top  so  that  the  plaster  may  be  kept 
well  moistened.  This  dressing  may  be  allowed  to  remain  on  two  or 
three  days,  depending  on  the  extent  of  the  injury.  This  application  of 
the  reinedy  will  exclude  the  air  and  give  the  absorbative  and  sweating 
qualities  of  "GILES"  opportimity  to  do  most  effective  work  in  remov- 
ing fever  and  inflammation  from  the  muscles  and  tendons,  which  are  the 
prime  cause  of  all  pain  and  soreness. 

FILLED  LEGS — This  term  is  used  to  designate  legs  in  which  there 
is  more  or  less  swelling  due  to  passive  congestion,  as  a  rule.  Sprains 
from  work,  etc.,  are  common  causes  of  the  trouble.  In  severe  cases  there 
is  unnatural  heat  and  tenderness  and  sometimes  the  tendons  and  liga- 
ments are  affected.  In  aged  horses  slightly  filled  or  worn  legs  do  not 
afiect  their  soundness  greatly  so  long  as  there  is  no  unnatural  heat  and 
the  tendons  and  ligaments  are  normal.  The  case  is  different  with  young 
horses,  however. 

TREATMENT — A  thorough  application  of  "GILES"  and  liberal 
hand  rubbing  will  act  to  remove  soreness  from  muscles  and  tendons,  after 
which  apply  a  plaster  of  the  remedy  (see  directions  for  making  on  page 
24).  The  plaster  should  be  firmly  but  not  too  tightly  held  in  place  by  a 
bandage.  It  may  be  removed  after  ten  or  twelve  hours  if  the  horse  is  to 
be  worked,  or  it  may  remain  and  more  of  the  remedy  added  from  the 
top  to  keep  it  well  saturated.  This  mode  of  application  of  the  remedy 
by  exclusion  of  the  air  from  the  part  renders  more  effective  the  ab- 
sorbative and  sweating  qualities.  This  may  be  applied  as  often  as  is 
thought  necessary,  always  with  good  results.  During  the  treatment  con- 
stitutional doses  should  be  administered  of  2-ounces  two  or  three  times  a 
day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  to  keep  the  circulation 
in  normal  condition. 

CURB — In  a  full  sized  horse  this  swelling  appears  at  the  back  of 
the  hock  about  six  inches  below  its  point.  The  enlargement  displaces 
the  tendons,  at  the  spot,  deflecting  them  from  the  naturally  straight 
course  from  the  point  of  the  hock  to  the  fetlock.  In  time  the  swelling 
will  spread  upward  and  downward.  A  prominence  resembling  somewhat 
that  of  curb  may  be  observed  when  the  external  splint  bone  is  unusually 
large,  from  the  outside,  but  will  not  be  apparent  when  the  joint  is  seen 
from  the  other  side.  An  examination  should  be  made  to  see  if  the  back 
tendons  are  straight. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  the  affected  part  and 
rub  in  thoroughly,  using  the  points  of  the  fingers  to  create  an  irritation. 
This  should  be  done  every  two  or  three  hours  the  first  day  and  the  next 
the  remedy  should  be  liberally  applied,  but  the  rubbing  less  severe. 
Rubbing  with  a  glass  bottle  or  other  smooth,  hard  surface  will  be  bene- 
ficial. Continue  this  application  and  rubbing  until  it  looks  something 
like  a  blister,  after  which  the  remedy  should  be  applied  gently  two  or 
three  times  daily  until  the  scurf  and  scales  are  removed  from  the  part. 
Brushing  of  the  part  will  help  the  removal  of  the  scales,  under  which  a 


92  "GILES." 

ne-w"  crop  of  hair  will  show.  If  the  bunch  or  swelling  is  not  entirely  re- 
moved by  one  course  of  treatment,  as  directed,  the  treatment  should  be 
continued  as  before.  Daily  exercise  should  be  given  the  animal  and  light 
work  during  treatment  will  be  benef.cial  if  he  does  not  show  too  much 
lameness.  Benefit  will  accrue  from  constitutional  doses  of  2-ounces  two 
or  three  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount. 

SPKUNG  HOCK — This  is  a  severe  sprain  of  the  joint,  complicated 
with  considerable  swelling  and  extreme  lameness.  The  swelling  is  both 
above  and  below  the  inner  and  back  view  of  the  hock.  The  back,  or 
perforans  tendon  may  also  be  sprained.  The  injury  is  accompanied  by 
high  fever  and  pain. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  to  the  affected  part  as  directed  in 
treatment  for  curb  and  in  addition  apply  plaster.  (See  directions  on 
page  24). 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  SHOULDER— It  is  often  difficult  to  locate  the 
point  of  injury  in  shoulder  lameness  on  account  of  the  shoulder  being  so 
large  and  its  parts  being  concealed  from  sight  and  touch.  A  sprain  of 
the  pectoral  muscles  is  generally  regarded  as  a  frequent  cause  of  lame- 
ness, because  of  the  fact  that  those  muscles  are  then  unable  to  keep  the 
shoulder  joint  close  to  the  body;  but  this  inability  is  also  seen  when  the 
first  rib  is  fractured.  There  may  also  be  a  sprain  of  the  flexor  brachii, 
or  the  capsular  ligament,  an  injury  to  the  nerves  of  the  part  or  to  the 
joint  itself. 

The  point  of  the  shoulder  is  seen  to  bulge  out  at  each  step  when  the 
pectoral  muscles  are  affected,  and  the  foot  is  swung  outward  as  it  is 
brought  to  the  front,  as  in  the  fracture  of  the  first  rib.  When  the  flexor 
brachii,  or  the  muscle  between  the  shoulder  joint  and  the  elbow  joint, 
which  raises  the  fore  leg,  is  hurt,  there  is,  of  course,  inability  to  raise  it 
and  the  leg  naturally  drags.  Wherever  the  lameness  may  be  the  horse 
will  take  a  very  short  step  to  the  front,  and  on  being  reined  back  will 
be  inclined  to  drag  the  foot  along  the  ground,  from  inability  to  raise  it. 
In  all  cases  lifting  up  the  leg  and  drawing  it  forward  will  hurt  the  horse, 
because  of  rendering  the  pectoral  muscles  and  the  flexor  brachii  tense  and 
will  extend  the  shoulder  joint.  In  doing  this,  however,  restlessness  should 
not  be  mistaken  for  soreness.  Both  shoulders  should  be  compared  and 
examination  made  for  any  local  heat,  swelling  or  tenderness.  If  sprain 
of  the  shoulder  is  not  relieved  it  will  soon  be  followed  by  a  wasting  away 
of  its  muscles.  A  sprain  of  the  flexor  brachii,  which  is  a  hard,  tendon- 
like muscle,  is  apt  to  turn  it  more  or  less  into  bone,  if  unrelieved,  while 
a  sprain  of  the  capsular  ligament  may  lead  to  stiffening  of  the  shoulder 
joint.  Often  an  injury  to  the  foot  which  affects  the  nerves  will  give  an 
appearance  of  shoulder  lameness;  but  a  careful  examination  and  moving 
the  animal  backward,  forward  and  sideways,  should  aid  greatly  in  locat- 
ing the  seat  of  the  trouble.  There  is  less  shoulder  lameness  than  is  gen- 
erally supposed;  but  when  taken  in  time  and  properly  treated  it  will  not 
materially  decrease  the  value  of  the  animal. 

TREATMENT — In  real  shoulder  lameness  rest  and  a  liberal  rubbing 


HORSEWELFARE.  93 

with  "GILES"  will  be  found  most  effective.  A  constitutional  treatment 
of  2-ounce  doses  three  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of 
a  like  amount  is  important. 

SWEENY — This  is  a  partial  paralysis  and  wasting  away  of  the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder  which  may  be  caused  either  by  a  direct  injury 
followed  by  swelling  and  inflammation  or  the  result  of  disuse  of  the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder  by  reason  of  an  injury  to  the  foot  or  the  leg  be- 
low the  knee.  This  continued  lack  of  action  decreases  the  circulation 
of  the  bJood  and  conseciuent  deadening  of  the  nerves.  This  gradual 
wasting  away  of  the  muscles  will  cause  the  animal  to  shorten  his  stride 
and  carry  the  foot  outward,  and  duiuig  the  rest  to  place  the  foot  for- 
ward and  outward,  and  in  some  cases  to  drop  at  the  elbow  to  relieve 
pressure  on  the  shoulder.  Sweeny  roost  often  occurs  in  young  horses 
which  are  put  to  heavy  work  in  badly  fitting  collars,  or  which  work  with 
the  head  constantly  to  one  side,  causing  the  greater  draft  to  bear  on  one 
shoulder. 

TREATMENT — The  wasting  away  of  the  muscles  of  the  shoulder 
will  be  prevented  if  proper  treatment  of  the  injury  is  afforded.  Bathing 
the  injured  part  with  "GILES"  to  remove  the  soreness.  When  a  shrink- 
age of  the  muscles  of  the  shoulder  is  apparent  liberal  applications  of  the 
remedy  should  be  made  and  thoroughly  rubbed  in,  using  the  points  of 
the  fingers  to  create  as  much  irritation  as  possible.  This  treatment  should 
be  applied  three  or  four  times  a  day  for  two  or  three  days  or  until  a 
condition  is  induced  similar  to  the  effects  of  a  blister,  after  which  the 
application  should  continue  two  or  three  times  a  day  but  with  less  rub- 
ing  until  the  scurf  and  scales  are  entirely  removed  and  a  new  crop  of 
hair  shows  underneath.  If  by  one  course  of  this  treatment  the  muscles 
are  not  restored  to  their  natural  condition  the  same  treatment  should  be 
repeated.  When  properly  and  faithfully  applied  this  method  has  never 
failed  of  a  prompt  and  satisfactory  cure,  and  will  afford  much  better 
results  than  are  possible  from  blisters,  setons  or  sharp,  penetrating  lini- 
ment, and  much  suffering  is  thereby  spared  the  horse.  Moderate  exer- 
cise, when  lameness  will  permit,  is  an  important  factor  in  recovery. 

SPRAINS  OF  ELBOW  AND  HIP— May  be  determined  by  the  pres- 
ence of  lameness  with  swelling,  heat  and  pain,  as  well  as  from  the  ab- 
sence of  symptoms  of  ailment  in  other  parts.  A  horse  evinces  great  dis- 
like to  putting  weight  on  the  leg  in  elbow  lameness.  When  a  horse  goes 
lame  behind  the  hip  joint  is  a  favorite  spot  for  locating  the  trouble,  yet 
it  is  seldom  affected.  The  hock  is  the  usual  seat  of  lameness  in  the  hind 
leg. 

TREATMENT — When  the  lameness  is  unmistakably  located  in  the 
region  of  the  hip,  or  elbow  joint,  the  part  should  be  liberally  bathed  with 
"GILES"  and  well  rubbed  in.  This  treatment  should  be  applied  two  or 
three  times  a  day  and  the  horse  made  to  walk,  if  only  a  few  steps,  at 
each  treatment.     This  will  serve  to  prevent  withering  of  the  muscles  of 


94  "GILES." 

the  hip.  (Hip  sweeny.)  Constitutional  treatment  of  2-oiince  doses  two 
or  three  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount 
should  be  given. 

SPRAINED  BACK — This  accident  may  sprain  the  ligaments  which 
connect  the  vertebra  of  the  loins  and  back  together;  or  the  under-cut 
muscles;  or  the  large  muscle  which  runs  on  each  side  of  the  back  bone 
along  the  loins  and  back.  These  injuries  may  be  caused  by  jumping, 
drawing  a  heavy  load  or  by  violent  efforts  to  straighten  the  back;  by 
efforts  to  bend  the  back  in  slipping,  or  by  the  hind  legs  being  caught  in 
a  fence  when  jumping,  or  by  falling.  There  is  more  or  less  paralysis  of 
the  hind  legs. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  the  affected  part,  well 
rubbed  in.  In  addition,  bathe  the  rear  of  the  abdomen  and  the  inside  of 
the  hind  legs  where  the  glands  will  be  generally  found  to  be  enlarged. 
Give  the  constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  two  or  three  times  a 
day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount.  Give  some  exer- 
cise daily  by  walking  about  the  stable,  if  condition  will  permit. 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  SUSPENSORY  LIGAMENT— This  ligament  is  a 
strong,  fibrous  cord  which  lies  at  the  back  of  and  close  to  the  cannon  bone. 
It  acts  as  a  powerful  brace  for  preventing  the  fetlock  from  coming  too 
near  the  ground.  A  rupture  of  this  ligament  is  termed  a  break  down 
and  may  occur  in  many  ways.  Speed  or  race  horses  are  liable  to  it  from 
being  ridden  on  hard  ground  and  from  fatigue.  It  may  occur  in  any 
horse  when  getting  up  from  a  slippery  floor  or  pavement  on  account  of 
excess\ve  extension  of  the  fetlock  joints  when  the  fore  legs  are  stretched 
out  to  the  front,  the  weight  being  placed  on  the  heels.  In  work  horses  the 
sprain  usually  occurs  in  the  hind  legs,  due  to  extreme  extension  of  the 
foot  as  in  going  down  hill  with  a  heavy  load  behind. 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  BACK  TENDONS  AND  CHECK  LIGAMENT— 
There  is  more  or  less  swelling  of  the  upper  half  of  the  leg  between  the 
knee  and  fetlock,  as  sprain  of  this  ligament  usually  occurs  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  perforans  tendon.  The  ligament  becomes  hot,  tender  and 
swollen  soon  after  the  accident,  as  may  be  learned  by  passing  the  fingers 
over  the  part  that  lies  between  the  back  tendons  and  the  cannon  bone, 
extending  from  immediately  below  the  knee  to  about  one-third  of  the 
way  to  the  fetlock.  The  seat  of  the  injury  may  be  determined  by  ob- 
serving that  the  back  tendons  and  suspensory  ligament  are  at  first  un- 
affected. In  a  day  or  two  the  back  tendons,  looking  at  them  sideways, 
will  have  a  more  or  less  bowed  appearance  on  account  of  the  exudation 
invading  them.  There  will  be  heat  and  fullness  in  cases  of  mild  injury 
to  this  ligament,  with  a  little  lameness;  but  in  severe  cases  the  lameness 
will  be  well  marked.  After  a  severe  sprain  of  the  check  ligament  there 
is  often  a  thickening  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a  knot  at  the  point  where 
the  ligament  joins  the  tendon,  some  three  inches  below  the  knee,  usually 
more  on  the  inner  side  of  the  leg  than  the  outer,  with  no  appearance  of  a 
knot  on  the  back  tendons. 


HORSEWELFARE.  95 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  BACK  TENDONS— As  a  rule,  the  perforans  ten- 
don is  sprained  at  a  point  where  it  passes  over  the  fetlock.  If  the  in- 
jury is  severe  the  swelling  will  usually  extend  to  the  perforatus.  Usually 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  swelling  above  the  fetlock  joint  with  lameness, 
heat  and  pain.  Before  the  swelling  takes  place  the  seat  of  the  sprain 
may  he  found  by  feeling  the  tendons,  v/hich  will  assume  a  bowed  appear- 
ance unless  the  injury  is  very  slight.  The  bow  caused  by  a  sprain  of  the 
check  ligament  is  naturally  further  up.  It  is  often  so  slight  that  only  a 
practised  eye  can  detect  it. 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  FETLOCK  JOINT— It  is  often  difficult  to  dis- 
cover the  cause  of  injury  to  the  fetlock  joint,  whether  of  sprain,  concus- 
sion or  blow,  when  after  work  it  is  discovered  to  be  hot  and  swollen, 
whether  accompanied  by  lameness  or  not.  When  concussion  alone  is 
the  cause  the  suspensory  ligament  and  back  tendons  will  be  in  a  normal 
condition  at  first  and  the  swelling  confined  to  the  synovial  bursa,  which 
lies  between  the  suspensory  ligament  and  the  cannon  bone  and  can  be 
felt  in  the  form  of  a  puffy  swelling  on  each  side  of  the  fetlock.  When 
the  sprain  is  more  serious,  the  vacant  space  between  the  back  tendons 
and  the  suspensory  ligament  just  above  the  joint  may  also  become  filled 
with  synovial  fluid  and  form  a  wind  gall.  If  the  bursa,  which  is  be- 
tween the  perforans  tendon  and  the  sesamoid  bones,  is  distended  so  as 
to  form  a  hard  swelling  at  the  back  of  the  fetlock,  the  case  is  very 
serious.  This  injury  is  known  as  sesamoiditis  and  illy  responds  to  treat- 
ment. "Knuckling  over"  is  usually  the  result  of  sprain  and  severe 
work,  due  to  the  relaxation  of  the  lateral  ligaments  of  the  fetlock  joint. 
Sometimes  it  is  caused  by  weakness  in  young  horses. 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  INFERIOR  SESAMOID  LIGAMENTS— There 
are  three  of  these  ligaments  which  lie  at  the  back  of  the  pastern  and 
comected  with  the  pastern  bones  from  the  base  of  the  sesamoid  bones. 
Their  function  is  to  prevent  over-extension  of  the  fetlock  joint  and  to 
support  the  limb  during  muscular  repose  while  the  horse  is  standing,  in 
connection  with  the  perforans  tendon  and  check  ligament.  The  part  is 
swollen,  hot  and  painful  to  the  touch,  and  the  synovial  sac,  which  is 
back  of  the  pastern,  immediately  below  the  fetlock  joint,  is  distended 
with  fluid.     There  is  considerable  lameness. 

Sprains  of  the  suspensory  ligamant,  of  back  tendons  and  check  liga- 
ment, of  back  tendons,  of  fetlock  joints,  of  the  inferior  sesamoid  liga- 
ments, etc.,  can  best  be  treated  as  follows: 

TREATMENT— Eathe  liberally  with  "GILES"  to  the  extent  of 
the  injury  and  hand  rub  the  part  liberally.  Apply  the  plaster  (page 
24).  Give  moderate  daily  exercise  and  increase  as  lameness  disap- 
pears. 


96 


'  GILES." 


LOCATION  OF  LAMENESS. 


SYNOVIAL  ENLARGEMENTS. 


SYNOVIA  is  a  fluid  placed  between  the  joints  enclosed  in  mem- 
branous sacs,  to  diminish  friction.  Sometimes  from  injury  or 
weakness,  servim  may  gain  entrance  to  one  or  more  of  these  sacs 
and  there  is  a  swelling  or  enlargement  of  the  part.  There  are  three 
classes  of  synovial  membranes,  the  functions  of  which  are  to  line  the  cap 
sular  ligaments  of  joints,  to  allow  one  surface  to  glide  over  another  and 
to  line  a  canal  or  sheath  through  which  a  tendon  passes.  If  there  is  an 
efifiision  into  a  joint  causing  distension  of  the  capsular  ligament  there  is 
dropsy  of  the  joint.  If  one  of  the  other  synovial  sacs  is  thus  affected 
the  condition  is  termed  dropsy  of  the  bursa.  These  enlargements,  with 
the  exception  of  capped  knee,  are  signs  of  work  in  old  horses,  as  a  rule, 
and  weakness  in  young  ones.  The  overplus  of  fluid  in  a  majority  of 
cases  remains  unchanged  and  little  or  no  inconvenience  is  suffered.  If, 
however,  the  enlargement  becomes  hard  and  hot  it  may  affect  the  sound- 


HORSEWELFARE.  97 

ness;  but  as  a  rule  it  will  be  of  little  detriment  as  long  as  it  remains  soft 
and  cool.  Owing  to  the  enlargement  becoming  converted  into  bone  or 
fibrous  tissue  the  hardness  may  remain  after  all  heat  has  vanished,  then 
the  deposit  may  interfere  with  action  of  joint,  tendon  or  ligament. 
These  enlargements  may  be  symptomatic  of  serious  injury,  but  their  pres- 
ence when  not  complicated  with  other  affections  rarely  lessens  the  use- 
fulness of  the  animal. 

WINDGALLS  OF  THE  FETLOCK— These  are  soft,  puffy  swellings 
ranging  in  size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  a  hen's  egg  or  larger.  They  become 
haid  through  inflammation  and  are  converted  into  fibrous  tissue  or  bone. 
Where  there  is  tenderness  or  lameness  the  enlargement  may  be  considered 
a  symptom  of  sprain  of  tendon  or  ligament  or  of  inflammation  of  bone 
due  to  concussion. 

BOG  SPAVIN — Is  a  soft  swelling  in  front  and  to  the  inner  side  of 
the  hock  joint.  It  is  a  distended  condition  of  the  synovial  membrane  of 
the  capsular  ligament  of  the  true  hock  joint.  It  extends  up  and  down 
the  inner  front  of  the  joint  for  about  four  inches  or  more.  They  are 
frequently  found  unaccompanied  by  symptoms  of  inflammation,  while 
again  there  is  more  or  less  lameness,  indicating  sprain  or  other  injury  to 
underlying  structures,  and  hard  and  painful  to  the  touch.  Thoroughpins 
usually  accompany  large  bog  spavins. 

WINDGALLS  BELOW  THE  HOCK— This  is  a  dropsy  of  the  bursa 
of  the  peroneus  tendon.  It  does  not  appear  to  diminish  the  use  of  the 
animai. 

THOROUGHPIN— The  swelling  shows  back  of  the  hind  legs  just 
above  the  point  of  the  hock  and  in  front  of  the  tendons  attached  to  that 
part.  It  is  a  distended  condition  of  the  synovial  sheath  surrounding  the 
perforans  tendon.  Some  horses  are  predisposed  to  thoroughpin,  as  also  to 
bog  spavin.  When  it  is  due  to  sprain  of  the  back  tendons  it  is  a  grave 
affection,  but  when  small  and  not  complicated  with  lameness  or  heat, 
they  are  not  considered  serious  unsoundness. 

WINDGALL  OF  THE  KNEE— This  is  a  synovial  enlargement  which 
sometimes  appears  on  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  side  of  the  knee.  It 
sometimes  attains  the  size  of  a  man's  fist.  It  usually  does  not  appear 
to  affect  the  usefulness  of  the  animal. 

CAPPED  KNEE — Is  usually  caused  by  blows  or  a  puncture  of  the 
tendon  which  plays  over  the  synovial  sac  in  the  front  of  the  knee.  In- 
flammation is  set  up  in  the  tendon.  The  result  of  the  effusion  sets  up  a 
dropsical  condition  of  one  or  both  of  the  synovial  bursa  of  the  tendon 
which  passes  over  the  front  of  the  knee.  Inflammation  is  set  up  in  the 
tendon  resulting  in  an  effusion  of  seriun  into  the  bursa.  When  the  ten- 
don is  affected  there  is  more  or  less  lameness  and  the  trouble  becomes 
serious. 

SYNOVIAL  CAPPED  HOCK— This  is  due  to  an  enlargement  of  the 
synovial  bursa  between  the  point  of  the  hock  and  the  tendon  which  is 
attached  to  that  bone.     The  swelling  is  located  on  both  sides  of  the  point 


98  "GILES." 

of  the  hock.  It  may  be  caused  by  sprain  of  the  tendon  or  by  being 
struck. 

TREATMENT — In  the  treatment  of  all  enlargements  in  which  the 
synovial  fluid  is  present  efforts  should  be  made  to  increase  the  circula- 
tion to  the  part  as  much  as  possible.  This  will  be  best  accomplished  by 
a  liberal  application  of  "GILES"  and  thorough  hand  rubbing.  After 
which  a  pressed  bandage,  that  is,  a  pad  the  size  of  the  enlargement, 
should  be  applied  and  held  in  place  by  a  bandage,  tight  enough  to  exert 
some  pressure  on  the  enlargement,  but  not  too  tight  to  interfere  with 
free  circulation.  An  elastic  bandage  is  serviceable  under  certain  condi- 
tions; but  an  ordinary  bandage  should  in  all  cases  be  imder  it,  and  ex- 
treme care  should  be  taken  that  free  circulation  is  not  impeded.  These 
bandages  should  never  be  allowed  to  remain  longer  than  from  eight  to 
twelve  hours,  and  upon  removal  the  part  should  be  gently  hand  rubbed. 
If  the  horse  is  in  use  they  may  be  applied  at  night  and  removed  in  the 
morning.  If  this  mode  of  treatment  is  intelligently  followed  it-  is  al- 
most certain  to  afford  satisfactory  results.  While  the  bandage  is  off  the 
enlargement  will  naturally  return  to  some  extent;  but  day  by  day  im- 
provement will  be  noted  and  in  many  instances  the  enlargement  will  be 
effectually  removed. 

CAPPED  WITHERS— A  swelling  or  enlarged  condition  of  the 
synovial  bursa  at  the  top  of  the  withers,  due  to  inflammation  as  a  result 
of  injury.  It  is  soft,  movable  and  does  not  pit  on  pressure,  in  contra- 
distinction to  an  abscess.  It  is  not  hot  to  the  touch  and  its  course  is 
much  slower  than  an  abscess. 

TREATMENT— Apply  "GILES"  liberally  to  enlargement  and  rub 
in  ti.oroughly,  using  the  points  of  the  fingers  to  create  irritation  and  slight 
inflammation.  Follow  this  treatment  two  or  three  times  daily,  which  will 
cause  the  part  to  become  tender  to  the  touch.  After  which  liberal  appli- 
cations should  be  continued,  but  with  less  severe  rubbing.  After  a  few 
days  the  scales  and  scurf  can  be  removed  and  a  decrease  in  the  size  of 
the  enlargement  will  be  noted.  Commence  over  again,  rubbing  in  the 
remedy  and  continue  this  treatment  until  the  bunch  is  entirely  removed 
by  absorption. 


TUMORS— SCIRRHOUS  CORD. 

A  TUMOR  is  a  swelling  the  most  readily  observable  characteristics 
of  malignancy  in  which  are  a  tendency  to  recur  if  locally  re- 
moved; to  extend  to  tissues  other  than  that  in  which  it  originally 
appeared,  and  to  invade  distant  parts.  These  properties  are  absent  in 
benign  swellings,  such  as  splints,  warts  and  capped  hocks. 

BOTRYOMYCOSIS — Is  an  abnormal  state  of  the  tissues  set  up  by 
specific  germs  called  discomyses  equi,  which  are  often  met  with  in 
scirrhous  cord,  poll  evil,  fistulous  withers  and  tumors  which  form  on 
various  parts  of  the  surface  of  the  body.     They  appear  to  act  as  an  ag- 


HORSE     WELFARE.  99 

gravation  of  an  already  existing  woimd  and  not  as  the  original  cause. 
These  parasites  find  favorable  residence  in  decaying  vegetable  matter. 
The  irritation  caused  by  the  presence  of  this  fungus  gives  rise  to  a 
growth  of  fibrous  tissue  which  has  a  tendency  to  degenerate  and  break 
up  in  the  form  of  pus. 

TREATMENT — The  prescribed  treatment  for  abscesses  and  deep 
wounds  (page  79)  will  afford  the  best  possible  results. 

SCIRRHOUS  CORD — A  hardened  and  swollen  condition  of  the  sper- 
matic cord  after  the  testicle  has  been  removed.  The  germs  of  botryomy- 
cosis  are  often  met  with  in  scirrhous  cord  and  cause  the  sinuses  and  sup- 
puration. 

SYMPTOMS — A  mushroom-like  swelling  forms  at  the  end  of  the  di- 
vided cord,  giving  the  tumor  the  appearance  of  growing  from  a  stalk,  or  the 
swelling  may  extend  upward  in  the  substance  of  the  cord  in  the  shape 
of  a  more  or  less  elongated  cone.  In  the  former  case  it  may  hang  down 
outside  the  scrotum  as  low  as  the  hocks,  while  in  the  latter  it  may  ex- 
tend to  the  inguinal  canal  or  even  into  the  abdomen.  The  affected  part 
of  the  cord  becomes  hard  and  greatly  swollen.  One  or  more  sinuses  form 
in  well  developed  cases,  at  the  end  of  the  tumor  and  develop  a  thick, 
curdy  pus.  The  scrotum  always  becomes  closely  adherent  to  the  tumor. 
The  affected  portion  of  the  cord  becomes  filled  with  blood  vessels  and  is 
more  or  less  red.  The  tumor  may  affect  one  or  both  cords  and  the  move- 
ment of  the  hind  legs  is  more  or  less  impeded. 

TREATMENT — A  liberal  local  application  of  "GILES"  and  the 
administration  of  2-ounce  doses  and  frequent  rectal  injections  of  like 
amount  will  be  productive  of  best  results. 

MELANOSIS — A  malignant  new  growth  which  occurs  in  various 
parts  of  the  body.  It  takes  the  form  of  dark  colored  tumors  which 
gradually  increase  in  sizt.  usually  located  on  the  lower  and  sometimes  the 
upper  surface  of  the  tail,  and  about  the  anus,  sheath  and  crest.  When 
it  affects  the  tail  or  crest  he  hair  over  the  seat  of  the  ailment  falls  out 
after  a  time.  With  but  few  exceptions  this  ailment  is  confined  to  gray 
horses.  The  tumors,  especially  if  subjected  to  friction,  will  burst  and 
form  unhealthy  sores  which  disch.  -ge  a  dark  colored  fluid. 

TREATMENT — Applying  the  j.  'medy  and  injecting  it  into  the  ma- 
lignant tumors  which  have  bursted  w^"  render  them  less  malignant  and 
serve  to  lessen  the  discharge.  The  caust  which  leads  up  to  the  forma- 
tion of  these  bunches  or  tumors  does  not  respv,  ^d  to  treatment. 

ABOUT  SEROUS  CYSTS.  \ 

A  SEROUS  cyst  is  a  cavity  formed  by  the  excessi-^e  action  of  the 
serous  membranes  which  secrete  the  serous  fluid,  "uch  as  fluid 
found  in  a  blister.  There  is  an  effusion  of  the  fluid  into  con- 
nective tissue,  the  fibres  of  which  form  the  membranous  wall  of  Lhe 
cyst  which  becomes  thickened  by  a  new  growth  of  fibrous  tissue.  These 
enlargements  are  especially  liable  to  occur  as  a  result  of  inflammation 
immediately  underneath  such  parts  of  the  skin  as  cover  bony  prominences, 


100  "GILES." 

where  a  closely  confined  effusion  is  more  likely  to  take  place  than  in  a 
part  surrounded  by  soft  structures.  When  the  inflammation  leaves  the 
bunch  or  enlargement,  circulation  to  the  part  ceases  and  leaves  a  condi- 
tion of  passive  congestion,  which  seldom  causes  the  horse  uneasiness, 
though  unsightly.  Serous  fluid  often  accumulates  at  the  back  of  the 
elbow  or  at  the  point  of  the  hock,  causing  those  parts  to  become  capped 
as  the  result  of  injury. 

SHOE  BOIL  OR  CAPPED  ELBOW— Is  located  behind  the  elbow 
joint  and  is  the  result  of  a  hurt  by  having  the  heels  of  the  shoe  press- 
ing upon  or  striking  it,  or  when  a  horse  is  lying  down  the  pressure  in- 
flicted by  a  hard  floor,  lack  of  bedding  or  a  short  halter  strap.  Tying  a 
horse  short  induces  him  to  lie  on  his  breast  bone  with  the  heels  of  his 
front  feet  close  to  his  elbows.  It  causes  lameness  only  when  actually 
painful  or  when  its  size  interferes  with  movement. 

TREATMENT — The  inherent  qualities  of  "GILES"  in  removing 
congestion  wherever  located  and  to  promote  circulation,  affords  the 
means  of  restoring  the  veins  and  arteries  of  a  part  to  a  condition  to  per- 
form their  natural  functions.  Consefiuently  its  continued  and  faithful 
use  as  directed  will  re-establish  circulation  about  and  through  a  shoe 
boil  which  will  result  in  its  complete  removal  by  absorption.  Treatment 
should  be  commenced  by  irritating  the  entire  surface  of  the  enlargement 
with  the  points  of  the  fingers  or  a  curry  comb,  after  which  the  remedy 
should  be  applied  and  well  rubbed  in.  Generous  application  and  vigor- 
ous rubbing  should  be  repeated  at  frequent  intervals,  three  or  four  times 
a  day,  if  convenient,  for  several  days,  until  the  surface  is  sore  to  the 
touch  from  the  irritation  created,  after  which  the  remedy  should  be  ap- 
plied as  frequently,  but  with  less  rubbing.  Contraction  of  the  skin  and 
drawing  in  around  the  edges  will  be  noted,  and  most  often  the  bunch, 
no  matter  its  size,  will  gradually  disappear  without  opening.  Should 
it  become  soft  at  any  particular  place  and  show  signs  of  opening  it 
should  not  be  lanced  until  only  the  skin  need  be  punctured  and  the 
remedy  well  syringed  into  the  opening  and  the  pus,  if  any,  aided  to 
escape.  The  entire  outer  surface  of  the  enlargement  should  in  the  mean- 
time be  kept  well  bathed  with  the  rc^.edy.  A  cure  without  a  scar  may 
be  effected  and  the  enlargement  no  .more  liable  to  return  than  to  form 
at  the  start.  Any  hair  remove^V  chrough  the  application  of  this  treat- 
ment will  be  quickly  renewed  and  should  be  promoted  by  light  applica- 
tions of  the  remedy. 

CAPPED  HOCK— ..s  a  serous  cyst  located  at  the  point  of  the  hock 
between  the  cap  o'  ..le  perforatus  tendon  and  the  skin,  usually  the  re- 
sult of  blows  se]. -inflicted.  Horses  often  injure  their  hocks  by  kicking 
at  night,  frequently  caused  by  the  presence  of  rats  and  mice. 

TRF.:i.i'MENT — The  mode  of  treatment  as  directed  for  capped  elbow 
will  result  most  favorably  for  the  removal  of  this  enlargement. 

J  SEROUS  CYST  NEAR  THE  WITHERS— This  cyst  forms  between 
three  and  four  inches  below  the  top  of  the  withers  on  one  side.  Al- 
though fluctuating  to  the  touch,  it  is  much  deeper  seated  than  an  abscess. 


HORSE     WELFARE.  101 

which  frequently  forms  near  the  same  spot,  as  the  result  of  pressure 
against  the  side  of  the  withers,  from  a  side  saddle,  epecially  on  the  off 
side.  This  form  of  cyst  may  be  caused  by  one  of  the  points  of  a  saddle 
tree  pressing  against  the  upper  end  of  the  shoulder  blade. 

TREATMENT — Bunches  or  enlargements  near  the  withers  are  caused 
by  bruising  the  muscles,  more  commonly  from  an  ill  fitting  saddle  or 
collar,  can  be  removed  by  the  same  mode  of  treatment  as  prescribed  for 
capped  elbow,  when  the  fluid  is  between  the  muscles  and  the  skin;  but 
when  the  serous  fluid  is  beneath  and  between  the  muscles  it  should  be 
allowed  to  escape  by  an  opening  made  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  en- 
largement, after  which  the  injury  should  be  bathed  and  well  rubbed  with 
the  remedy  until  all  inflammation  is  removed. 


BEST  MODE  OF  TREATING 

ALL  FOOT  AFFECTIONS. 

THRUSH — An  inflamed  condition  of  the  membrane  which  secretes 
the  horn  of  the  frog.  The  membrane  forms  a  weak  and  degraded 
horn,  cheese-like  in  consistence  and  readily  dissolves  under  the 
action  of  moisture,  producing  an  ill  smelling  and  characteristic  discharge. 
The  failure  of  the  secreting  membrane  to  produce  sound  horn  in  case  of 
thrush,  is  the  cause  of  the  fissure  that  exists  in  the  thick  part  of  the 
frog,  while  the  cleft  in  the  frog  of  a  healthy  foot  is  simply  a  depression 
and  does  not  penetrate  to  the  sensitive  parts.  The  two  prime  causes  of 
thrush  are  lack  of  pressure  on  the  frog  and  the  decomposing  eifect  of 
moist  substances  that  are  filled  with  fermenting  organic  matter.  Greatly 
aiding  the  first  mentioned  cause  is  the  practice  of  paring  the  frog  and 
using  high  heeeled  shoes,  while  the  dung  and  urine  allowed  to  accumulate 
in  the  stall  and  failure  to  keep  the  feet  clear  of  it  is  the  cause  of  the 
latter.  When  thrush  is  caused  by  moisture  the  frog  becomes  soft  and 
pulpy;  but  when  induced  by  lack  of  pressure  there  may  be  little  or  no 
discharge  from  the  cleft  of  the  frog,  which  will  be  more  or  less  filled 
with  soft,  degraded  horn  and  the  frog  more  or  less  shriveled.  When 
continued  pressure  on  the  frog  is  permitted  there  is  an  increased  growth 
of  epithelium,  and  it  becomes  strong  and  well  developed;  otherwise  it 
becomes  contracted  and  diseased.  Thrush  is  more  frequently  found  in 
the  hind  than  in  the  fore  feet,  because  the  hind  feet  are  more  upright 
and  concave,  their  frogs  are  less  exposed  to  pressure,  while  the  offal  and 
urine  are  allowed  to  accumulate  under  them  in  badly  managed  stables. 
The  horny  covering  of  the  frog  will  rot  off  in  neglected  cases. 

TREATMENT — Probe  the  openings  to  the  bottom  and  remove  all  un- 
healthy and  foreign  matter.  See  to  it  that  the  remedy  reaches  the  full 
extent  of  the  trouble.  Stand  the  animal  in  soaking  boot  with  oakum 
kept  well  wet  with  the  remedy,  and  in  the  absence  of  a  soaking  boot 
bind  a  wad  of  oakum  on  the  frog  and  keep  it  well  saturated.  This  will 
be  found  to  be  the  most  quickly  effective  treatment  possible.     The  com- 


102  "GILES." 

mon  practice  of  applying  acids  and  "blue  stone  is  often  productive  of 
serious  effects. 

PUMICED  FEET — Is  a  flat,  convexed  condition  of  the  sole,  usually 
caused  by  the  falling  of  the  pedal  bone  as  a  result  of  laminitis  and  some- 
times to  the  effect  of  severe  work  on  hard  ground,  especially  when  seated 
shoes  are  used,  without  any  apparent  symptoms  of  laminitis.  The  un- 
natural pressure  of  the  displaced  pedal  bone  interferes  with  the  secre- 
tion of  the  horny  sole  which  becomes  weak  and  thin. 

TREATMENT — Little  can  be  promised  from  treatment,  although 
benefit  has  accrued  from  a  liberal  application  of  the  remedy. 

BRITTLE  FEET — Are  not  infrequently  caused  by  indigestion,  owing 
to  the  sympathy  which  exists  between  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
stomach  and  intestines  and  the  sensitive  laminae  which  secrete  the  horn 
of  the  foot.  Irritation  and  inflammation  which  follows  impairs  the 
powers  of  the  secreting  structure.  The  custom  of  placing  tar  and  oakum 
in  the  bottom  of  the  feet  is  productive  of  a  brittle  and  seedy  condition 
of  the  soles  of  the  feet  when  persisted  in.  The  little  oil  in  the  tar  soon 
leaves  it  and  the  effect  is  heating  and  drying.  On  the  contrary,  the  ap- 
plication of  "GILES"  to  the  feet  induces  a  strong  growth  of  healthy 
hoof. 

TREATMENT — Shoeing  with  oakum  and  leather,  keeping  the  oakum 
moist  with  "GILES,"  will  insure  a  return  of  the  feet  to  a  healthy  condi- 
tion. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  CORONET  (Villitis)— This  trouble  is 
rare  in  horses  and  is  confined  more  especially  to  donkeys.  It  is  a  chronic 
inflammation  of  that  part  of  the  coronet  which  secretes  the  thin  covering 
of  horn  that  overlays  the  upper  part  of  the  hoof.  The  inflammation  of 
this  peroplic  ring  may  extend  to  the  remainder  of  the  secreting  portion 
of  the  coronet,  so  that  the  wall,  especially  at  the  front,  becomes  dry  and 
fissured,  and  in  time  resembles  the  loose,  rough  bark  of  a  tree.  In  aggra- 
vated cases  the  wall  breaks  off  at  its  lower  part  and  splits  both  ver- 
tically and  horizontally.  Lameness  always  increases  with  work  and  is 
marked  by  a  shuffling  gait. 

TREATMENT — Bathe  the  coronet  with  the  remedy,  well  rubbed  in. 

NAVICULAR  TROUBLE — Inflammation  of  the  navicular  bone  or 
the  cartilage  on  its  lower  surface  is  the  starting  point  of  this  trouble. 
Chronic  inflammation  set  up  in  the  bone  produces  changes  in  its  sub- 
stance, like  what  is  termed  caries.  If  pus  is  present  there  is  ulceration 
of  the  bone.  Small  nodules,  with  or  without  ulceration,  form  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  navicular  bone,  over  which  the  perforans  tendon 
plays  and  there  is  destruction  of  the  cartilage  joint.  Inflammation  is 
set  up  in  the  opposing  portion  of  the  perforans  tendon  and  the  synovial 
bursa,  which  lies  between  the  tendon  and  affected  surface  of  the  bone, 
so  that  in  old  cases  the  tendon  becomes  more  or  less  worn  through.  As 
the  trouble  progresses  the  weakened  navicular  bone  may  become  frac- 
tured by  the  pressure  of  the  tendon  on  its  lower  surface.  The  tendon 
may  break  in  two,  adhere  to  the  navicular  bone,  or  the  abraded  portion 


H  O  R  S  E     W  E  L  F  A  R  E.  103 


may  continue  to  work  over  its  rough  pulley,  much  to  the  discomfort  and 
pain  of  the  patient. 

Several  causes  of  navicular  trouble  is  given  by  as  many  authorities. 
They  are:  Concussion,  sprain  of  that  portion  of  the  perforans  tendon 
which  passes  over  the  navicular  bone;  the  employment  of  high  heels  or 
calks;  compression  through  the  weight  of  the  body  on  one  side  and  the 
pressure  of  the  perforans  tendon  on  the  other,  rheumatism,  heredity  and 
direct  injury  from  stones,  nails,  etc.,  picked  up  by  the  feet. 

SYMPTOMS — Usually  little  will  be  discovered  on  actual  examina- 
tion of  the  foot  to  indicate  the  nature  of  the  trouble,  although  a  good 
guess  may  be  made  from  the  absence  of  signs  of  other  ailments.  The 
peculiarity  of  the  animal's  gait  and  the  manner  which  he  points  will 
tend  to  confirm  the  supposition.  There  is  often  contraction  of  the  heels 
of  the  affected  foot  or  feet,  in  old  cases.  The  patient  usually  points  by 
placing  his  toe  on  the  ground,  raising  the  heel  and  roimding  the  fetlock 
joint.  Sometimes,  even  in  advanced  cases,  the  patient  will  not  point. 
He  generally  walks  sound  save  in  bad  cases,  but  goes  short  and  digs  his 
toes  in  the  ground  when  trotted. 

TREATMENT— The  splendid  efficiency  of  "GILES,"  properly  ap- 
plied, in  removing  fever,  inflammation  and  the  consectuent  pain  and  sore- 
ness from  the  feet  renders  it  easily  possible  for  every  horseman  to  keep 
the  feet  in  good  condition,  and  if  used  as  directed  at  the  first  sign  of 
soreness  will  prevent  and  promptly  remove  every  ailment  affecting  the 
feet.  Injuries  affecting  the  navicular  joint,  if  properly  cared  for  at  the 
start,  need  never  result  in  more  than  temporary  lameness.  It  is  when 
these  injuries,  which  may  seem  of  but  little  consequence  at  the  begin- 
ning, are  neglected  that  the  navicular  bone  becomes  diseased,  and  owing 
to  its  inaccessable  location  it  is  almost  imposible  of  successful  treatment. 
In  eaily  stages  of  injuries  which  affect  the  navicular  joint,  fever  and 
soreness,  attended  usually  by  inflammation,  is  the  prevailing  symptom. 
If  immediately  the  inflammation  is  dispelled  by  placing  the  feet  in  soak- 
ing boots,  with  oakum  liberally  saturated  with  "GILES,"  the  fever  and 
inflammation  will  be  promptly  removed  and  navicular  trouble  averted. 
After  all  signs  of  fever  have  been  removed  the  animal  should  be  shod 
with  oakum  in  the  bottom  of  the  foot  held  in  place  by  leather  between 
the  shoe  and  hoof,  the  oakmn  kept  well  moistened  with  the  remedy.  The 
prescribed  constitutional  treatment  should  always  be  afforded  the  ani- 
mal. Hard  drives  on  pavements  should  be  avoided  for  a  long  time. 
When  the  disease  is  firmly  established  and  the  condition  of  chronic  lame- 
ness is  the  result  the  operation  of  neurotomy  (page  112),  if  properly 
done,  may  render  the  horse  usable  for  a  time;  but  its  effects  seldom 
afford  permanent  relief  and  is  almost  certain  to  terminate  disastrously. 
The  operation  is  most  often  employed  by  those  who  desire  to  sell  thg 
animal  to  some  unsuspecting  person. 

HORN  TUMOR — This  new  growth  of  horn  is  found  between  the 
wall  of  the  hoof  and  the  pedal  bone  and  may  begin  in  the  coronet  or  in 
the  sensitive  laminae.     In  the  course  of  time  an  excavation  is  made  by 


104  "GILES." 

its  interference  with  the  nutrition  of  the  hone  of  that  part.  As  a  rule, 
it  is  found  at  the  toe  and  is  not  always  accompanied  by  lameness.  By 
paring  tho  sole  in  a  case  of  horn  tumor  that  has  heen  found  by  the  sensi- 
tive laminae  the  white  line  which  marks  the  union  of  the  wall  and  sole 
on  the  ground  surface  of  the  foot,  will  be  found  to  curve  inwards  at  a 
point  underneath  the  tumor.  This  white  line  which  in  health  marks  the 
surface  of  union  between  the  wall  and  sensitive  laminae,  in  the  horn 
tumor  is  the  inner  boundary  of  this  new  growth.  This  tumor,  which  is 
usually  of  slow  growth,  may  form  pus,  and  by  reaching  the  coronet,  give 
rise  to  quittor.  A  tumor  of  this  character  removed  not  long  ago  was 
of  dark  colored  horn  resembling  a  horse's  incisor  tooth  with  the  crown 
pointing  downward. 

SYMPTOMS — Injury  is  usually  the  cause,  such  as  "tread,"  for  in- 
instance,  when  the  growth  has  begun  at  the  coronet;  or  the  hammering 
down  of  the  nail  clinches  or  clips  of  the  shoe;  a  puncture  of  or  pressure 
on  the  sensitive  laminae  by  an  ill  driven  nail.  Lameness  may  come  very 
gradually,  there  v/ill  be  pain  on  tapping  the  part  and  local  heat.  If 
the  tumor  begins  at  the  coronet  it  will  usually  cause  the  horn  of  the  wall 
to  bulge  outward. 

TREATMENT — The  tumor  should  be  removed  by  literally  digging  it 
out,  the  same  as  prescribed  in  the  treatment  for  suppurated  corn,  after 
which  the  cavity  should  be  packed  with  gauze  or  cheese  cloth  saturated 
with  the  remedy.  Care  should  be  taken  at  each  dressing  to  remove  as 
much  as  possible  of  any  purulent  matter  that  may  be  present.  This 
treatment  will  cause  the  affection  to  heal  from  the  bottom  and  a  return 
of  the  union  between  the  walls  and  the  sensitive  laminae.  Under  no 
circumstances  should  any  unnecessary  removal  of  healthy  horn  or  sole 
be  permitted. 

WOUNDS  AND  BRUISES  OF  THE  CORONET— Such  injuries 
CiSually  occur  in  the  form  of  tread,  that  is,  a  wound  upon  the  coronet  of 
one  foot  inflicted  by  another.  Weakness,  fatigue,  overwork  and  care- 
lessness in  turning  the  animal,  especially  heavy  draft  horses  that  are 
rough  shod.  The  more  forward  the  injury  the  greater  the  danger  of  hurt- 
ing the  extensor  tendon  of  the  foot  and  the  joint  formed  by  the  pedal 
^'r>ne  and  the  short  pastern  bone. 

TllEATMENT — Any  injury  to  the  foot  should  receive  prompt  at- 
"if'Htion.  If  promptly  applied,  "GILES"  will  remove  the  inflammation 
»wd  sorene'ss  and  prevent  complications.  In  advanced  stages  any  pus  or 
Kunhealthy  growth  should  be  removed  from  the  full  extent  of  the  injury, 
»<3id  if  deep  enough  to  need  it  the  cavity  should  be  packed  with  gauze  or 
iisiiieese  cloth  and  kept  thoroughly  saturated  with  the  remedy  to  insure  its 
iteealing  from  the  bottom.  If  too  shallow  to  admit  of  packing,  a  pad  of 
the  same  material,  kept  well  wet  with  the  remedy,  should  be  applied  and 
held  in  place  by  a  loose  bandage.  With  each  dressing  any  purulent  mat- 
^i^'ar  or  unnatural  growth  should  be  removed.  This  mode  of  treatment,  if 
luroperly  applied,  has  never  failed  of  satisfactory  results.  The  employ- 
y.i^»*  «f  itronn:  antiseptics  and  anything  of  an  irritating  nature  causes 


HORSE     WELFARE.  105 

the  healthy  tissues  to  slough,  increases  the  inflammation  and  retards  a 
cure. 

PRICKS  IN  SHOEING — Pain  and  lameness  may  result  immediately 
after  a  nail  has  been  driven  in  too  close  or  actually  penetrating  the 
sensitive  structure  of  the  hoof,  or  it  may  not  show  for  several  days  and 
pus  will  form  during  the  interval.  A  nail  that  has  been  driven  in  the 
wrong  direction  and  then  drawn  is  naturally  productive  of  more  injury, 
is  more  difficult  of  detection  and  treatment  than  if  left  in. 

TREATMENT — ^When  a  nail  prick  is  suspected  it  should  he  quickly 
located  and  the  horn  or  sole  removed  from  the  immediate  injury  to  enable 
the  introduction  of  "GILES"  to  the  very  bottom,  where  the  healing 
must  commence.  The  opening  of  the  wound  must  not  be  allowed  to 
close  until  the  injury  is  healed  from  the  bottom. 


PUNCTURE  OF  THE  FROG. 

VERY  severe  inflammation  may  occur  by  the  puncture  of  the  deep 
seated,  sensitive  tissues  of  the  frog,  directly  above  which  lies 
the  navicular  bone,  which  makes  a  joint  with  the  pedal  bone  and 
short  pastern  bone  and  forms  a  puUy  for  the  perforans  tendon,  between 
which  and  the  navicular  bone  a  synovial  bursa  is  placed  for  lubricating 
purposes.  Therefore,  a  puncture  from  nails,  pieces  of  glass,  sharp  stones 
or  splinters  of  wood  may  wound  the  perforans  tendon,  bursa,  the  navicu- 
lar bone,  the  joint  and  may  even  extend  further  up.  A  wound  toward 
the  point  of  the  frog  may  cause  fracture  or  chipping  of  the  pedal  bone. 
Pus  can  hardly  fail  to  form  from  the  germs  gaining  entrance,  and  there 
is  high  fever  and  great  pain.  If  the  navicular  bursa  or  joint  is  opened 
the  discharge  of  synovia  will  be  tinged  with  blood,  which  will  soon  be- 
come dark  and  foul  smelling.  Tetanus  (lock  jaw)  is  frequently  a  result 
of  these  wounds. 

TREATMENT — Prompt  and  proper  treatment  will  prove  effective  in 
removing  the  inflammation  attending  lameness  and  render  the  animal 
quickly  able  for  work.  Prompt  and  liberal  use  of  "GILES"  should  be 
employed  to  remove  the  inflammation  and  attending  pain.  Details  of  the 
treatment  will  vary  according  to  the  nature  of  the  injury.  It  is  im- 
portant that  all  foreign  matter  should  be  quickly  removed,  the  remedy 
be  allowed  to  penetrate  to  the  full  extent  of  the  injury  and  that  a  liberal 
amount  be  at  all  times  present,  the  injury  being  made  to  heal  from  the 
bottom  and  never  allowed  to  close  until  this  is  accomplished.  Placing 
the  foot  in  a  soaking  boot  with  oakum  in  the  bottom  saturated  liberally 
with  "GILES"  will  afford  the  best  possible  treatment. 

CORNS — The  main  causes  of  corns  are  weak  heels  and  flat  soles, 
fast  work  on  hard  ground  and  bad  shoeing.  While  corns  occur  frequently 
in  the  fore  feet,  they  seldom  occur  in  the  hind,  because  the  latter  are  less 
exposed  to  concussion  than  the  former.  A  corn  is  a  bruise  of  the  mem- 
brane which  secretes  the  horny  sole  and  which  covers  the  ground  surface 
of  the  pedal  bone.    While  corns  do  not  always  produce  lameness,  still, 


106  "GILES." 

when  lameness  is  produced,  a  horse  goes  more  and  more  lame;  but  it  will 
disappear  for  a  time  after  a  rest  of  a  day  or  two.  Owing  to  this  tend- 
ency to  recur,  corns  are  a  grave  form  of  unsoundness. 

TREATMENT — The  sole  of  the  hoof  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  corn  should  he  pared  away  to  the  bottom.  The  cavity  should  he  well 
filled  with  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy.  This  may  be  held  in  place 
by  a  piece  of  hoop  iron  so  placed  between  the  shoe  and  hoof  that  while 
it  will  remain  firmly  in  place  it  can  be  easily  removed  to  admit  of  re- 
newals of  the  treatment  and  the  animal  continued  at  work.  In  cases  of 
suppurated  corns  they  should  be  dug  out  to  the  very  bottom  of  the  sup- 
puration and  the  same  treatment  applied.  Removal  of  the  shoe  and 
standing  the  foot  in  a  soaking  boot  with  oakum  well  wet  with  the 
remedy  for  a  few  days  until  all  soreness  is  removed  is  necessary.  When 
the  animal  is  made  to  walk  sound  he  may  be  shod  with  oakum  in  the 
bottom  of  the  foot  held  in  place  by  leather  between  the  shoe  and  the 
hoof.    The  oakum  should  be  saturated  with  the  remedy  every  day  or  two. 


FISTULA  OF  THE  CORONET. 

QUITTOR  (Fistula  of  the  coronet) — Quittor  is  an  abscess  which 
forms  within  the  foot  between  the  pedal  bone  and  the  wall  of 
the  hoof  with  one  or  more  openings  and  a  tendency  to  head  at 
the  coronet.  This  ailment  is  confined  principally  to  draft  horses  which 
work  on  pavements.  It  may  be  caused  by  an  injury  at  the  coronet,  from 
a  nail  prick  or  puncture  or  suppurating  corn.  The  hoof  being  a  horny 
box,  incapable  of  expansion,  the  formation  of  an  abscess  there  is  slower 
and  more  painful  than  elsewhere.  The  horn  secreting  membranes  of 
the  foot  forms  a  pipe-like  growth  which  takes  root  and  acts  as  a  feeder 
to  the  abscess.  Suppuration  advances  slowly  and  there  is  great  pain 
manifested  during  the  early  stages  before  the  opening  at  the  coronet  is 
sufiicient  to  allow  the  pus  to  escape.  When  the  coronet  has  been  the 
place  of  injury  and  the  wound  is  allowed  to  close  at  the  top,  the  pus 
lodges  behind  the  wall  of  the  hoof,  corroding  the  tissues  and  forming 
the  abscess.  When  the  sensitive  sole  is  injured  by  a  puncture  or  a  nail 
prick  and  the  wound  is  not  properly  treated  to  the  full  extent  of  the  in- 
jury, the  inflammation  which  is  set  up  causes  suppuration  and  an  abscess 
which  finds  less  resistance  in  an  opening  at  the  coronet.  A  corn  which 
suppurates,  if  prevented  by  the  hard  sole  from  opening  at  the  bottom 
of  the  foot,  forms  an  abscess  which  must  open  above.  Quitters  take  a 
variety  of  forms  and  one  or  more  branches  may  exist,  or  openings  may 
occur  at  unsuspected  places.  The  prevention  of  quittor  is  comparatively 
an  easy  matter  if  directions  for  the  treatment  of  wounds,  corns  or  in- 
juries to  the  feet  are  followed.  The  common  practice  of  soaking  and 
poulticing  but  softens  the  cartilage  and  membranes  and  promotes  the 
gro'v^  h  of  the  abscess.  The  operation  commonly  resorted  to  of  cutting 
awaj  the  wall  of  the  hoof  and  coronet  band  may  fairly  be  termed  mal- 
TpvM  fie. 


HORSEWELFARE.  107 

TREATMENT — It    being    understood    that    earlier    treatment    was 
neglected  and  a  quittor  forms  as  a  result  of  this  neglect,  treatment  should 
commence  by  soaking  the  injury  well  with  "GILES"  for  twenty- four  to 
forty-eight  hours,  by  binding  a  good  sized  wad  of  oakum  on  the  affected 
part  when  the  injury  is  at  the  coronet,  keeping  the  oakum  well  saturated 
with  tlie  remedy,  and  standing  the  foot  in  a  soaking  boot  with  oakum  in 
the  bottom  well  saturated,  when  the  trouble  is  the  result  of  a  corn  or 
injury  to  the  bottom  of  the  foot.     This  treatment  will  serve  greatly  to 
relieve  the  inflammation  and  attending  pain,  permitting  a  careful  probing 
to  find  the  full  extent  of  the  branches  of  the  abscess.     When  this  is  de- 
termined and  all  possible  pus  removed,  the  cavity  or  cavities  syringed  out 
with  the  remedy,   then  packed  to  their   fullest  extent  with  a  narrow 
strip  of  gauze  or  cheese  cloth  which  is  first  soaked  in  the  remedy,  with  the 
end  left  protruding  to  facilitate  removal.     Replace  the  wad  of  oakum 
over  the  injury  and  keep  well  saturated  with  "GILES."     Removal  and 
renewals  of  the  dressing  should  be  made  every  twenty-four  hours.     Prob- 
ings  should  be  made  at  each  dressing  to  discover,  if  possible,  any  new 
branches,  and  all  suppuration  and  unhealthy  matter  removed.     This  treat- 
ment will  promote  a  healthy  growth  of  new  tissue,  will  cause  the  feeders 
or  pipes  to  wither  and  decay  for  lack  of  nourishment  and  will  admit  of 
their  removal,  either  in  parts  or  whole,  at  the  time  of  probing  and  dress- 
ing the  wound.     After  these  feeders  or  pipes  are  extracted  the  abscesses 
will  become  healthy  and  heal  rapidly  from  the  bottom.     Any  fungus 
growth  that  may  show  at  any  stage  of  the  treatment  should  be  removed. 
An  instrument  for  this  purpose  with  a  blunt  or  dull  edge,  which  will  act 
to  tear  it  loose  rather  than  to  cut  it  clean,  will  give  better  results  and 
cause  less  hemorrhage.     One  vigorous  operation  of  this  sort  which  re- 
moves all  possible  of  the  fungus  growth,  with  little  heed  to  the  bleeding 
caused  thereby,  will  be  found  conducive  to  much  quicker  recovery  than 
frequent  smaller  operations.     If  this  fungus  growth  should  recur  and  ap- 
pear of  a  cancerous  nature,  cauterizing  with  a  hot  iron  will  prove  an 
efficient  means  of  removal  and  prevention.     Any  pieces  of  horn  or  hoof 
which  press  on  the  wound  should  be  removed  in  order  to  give  relief. 
At  any  stage  of  the  treatment,  should  the  animal  show  any  considerable 
signs  of  suffering  with  rise  of  temperature,  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES" 
should  be  administered  by  the  mouth  as  frequently  as  necessary  to  induce 
a  satisfactory  condition,  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces 
should  not  be  omitted.     This  mode  of  treatment  for  quittor,  if  intel- 
ligently pursued,  to  the  exclusion  of  any  and  all  so-called  antiseptics, 
which  by  their  nature  are  in  the  least  irritating,  will  accomplish  quicker 
and  better  results  than  is  otherwise,  possible. 

CONTRACTED  HEELS— This  may  arise  from  the  same  causes  which 
Induce  thrush  and  from  the  practice  of  the  animal  going  on  his  toe  be- 
cause of  pain  or  infirmity.  About  the  only  cases  to  be  attributed  to  de- 
formity are  those  in  which  the  coronet  at  the  back  of  the  foot  is  not  on 
the  same  level  on  both  sides.  In  such  feet  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
one  wing  of  the  pedal  bone  must  have  been  twisted  either  upward  and 


108  "aiLES." 

inward  or  downward  and  inward.  Slight  contraction  due  to  the  natural 
form  of  the  foot  being  narrow,  is  in  line  with  health,  so  long  as  the  con- 
traction does  not  co-exist  with  any  affection  other  than  thrush,  or  with 
any  infirmity  which  prevents  the  horse  from  placing  his  foot  fair  on  the 
grcund. 

TREATMENT — Bathe  the  heels  and  the  coronet  thoroughly  with 
the  remedy  and  rub  in  well  with  the  points  of  the  fingers.  All  dead  hoof 
should  be  removed  from  the  sole  of  the  foot  and  the  animal  shod  with 
a  pad  of  oakum  held  in  place  by  a  piece  of  leather  between  the  shoe 
and  the  foot.  Do  not  draw  the  nails  too  tight.  In  aggravated  cases  the 
animal  should  be  stood  in  soaking  boots  with  oakum  well  soaked  ■■.vith  the 
remedy  for  two  or  three  days  before  shoeing. 

CANKER — This  is  a  chronic  and  infective  inflammation  of  the  merii- 
brane  which  protects  the  sole  and  frog  and  is  a  continuation  of  the  skin 
of  the  pastern,  also  covering  the  pedal  bone.  The  ailment  appears  to 
bear  the  same  relation  to  thrush  that  grease  does  to  cracked  heels. 

SYMPTOMS — The  progress  of  canker  is  usually  very  slow  and  is 
characterized  by  comparative  painlessness.  The  affected  portion  of  the 
membrane  which  manufactures  sound  horn  for  the  sole  or  frog  at  first 
secretes  a  degenerate,  cheese-like  m.aterial  which  later  becomes  a  thin, 
foul-smelling,  nearly  colorless  discharge,  while  the  surface  becomes 
studded  over  with  pale,  fungoid  growths.  The  sole  is  gradually  under- 
mined, in  most  cases  commencing  at  the  frog  and  extending  to  the  front 
of  the  hoof.  However,  it  may  commence  by  an  inflammatory  condition  of 
the  skin  at  the  back  of  the  lower  part  of  the  pastern,  that  is,  from  grease. 

TREATMENT — The  only  treatment  productive  of  satisfactory  re- 
sults for  the  cure  of  canker  has  been  afforded  by  standing  the  animal  in 
soaking  boots  with  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Recovery  is  neces- 
sarily slow  and  results  should  not  be  expected  under  three  to  six  weeks, 
sometimes  longer,  depending  on  the  seriousness  of  the  case.  An  examina- 
tion should  occasionally  be  made,  and  any  fungus  growth  removed  by  the 
aid  of  a  blunt  instrument.  After  which  the  feet  should  be  returned  to 
the  boots.  Some  little  daily  exercise  may  be  given  without  their  re- 
moval. Constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  should  be  given  two  or 
three  times  a  day  to  improve  the  circulation  and  general  health,  and  an 
occasional  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  should  not  be  omitted.  When  re- 
covery is  sufficiently  advanced  the  animal  should  be  shod  with  a  wad 
of  oakum  in  the  bottom  of  the  foot,  covered  by  leather  and  held  in  place 
by  the  shoe.     The  oakum  should  be  kept  well  moistened  with  the  remedy. 

SAND  CRACKS — A  vertical  crack  in  the  wall  of  the  hoof,  first  oc- 
curring close  to  the  coronet.  The  deplorable  habit  of  using  seated  shoes 
and  of  paring  the  frog,  induces  sand  crack  by  the  unnatural  manner  in 
which  the  weight  of  the  animal  is  thrown  on  the  crust  of  the  hoof  in- 
stead of  being  distributed,  as  nature  intended  it  to  be,  between  the  wall, 
the  frog,  the  outer  portion  of  the  sole  and  the  bars.  A  seated  shoe  is 
one  which  affords  pressure  only  to  the  wall  of  the  hoof  and  is  made  con- 
cave on  its  upper  surface  so  as  to  take  all  pressure  off  the  sole.     As  a 


HORSEWELFARE.  109 

- 

rule,  horses  most  liable  to  sand  crack  are  those  worked  on  hard  ground. 
It  is  produced  by  coiicussion  which  affects  the  fore  feet  and  in  the  hind 
feet  of  work  horses  which  draw  heavy  loads,  especially  when  they  are 
shod  behind  with  toe  calks. 

SYMPTOMS — A  small  fissure  first  shows  close  to  the  coronet,  which 
extends  upward,  downward  and  inward  as  it  is  aggravated  by  concussion 
or  strain.  The  crack  at  the  start  may  be  so  short  and  narrow  as  to 
escape  notice  except  on  close  examination.  There  is  no  lameness  as  long 
as  it  is  confined  to  the  exterior  portion  of  the  wall;  but  when  the  entire 
thickness  of  the  wall  is  affected,  the  sensitive  underlying  tissue  will  pro- 
trude through  the  crack  and  will  get  pinched  and  wounded  as  it  opens 
and  shuts  d.uring  movement  with  the  result  of  making  the  animal  lame, 
especially  if  the  toe  of  a  hind  foot  is  the  seat  of  the  injury.  In  time  the 
fissure  may  extend  from  the  coronet  to  the  ground.  Owing  to  putrefac- 
tive contamination  the  sensitive  tissues  may  discharge  pus. 

TREATMENT — Pare  away  the  horn  at  the  edge  of  the  crack  slightly 
to  admit  of  the  remedy  being  well  rubbed  in,  also  rub  well  into  the 
coronet  above  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  crack.  Measures  should  be 
taken  to  prevent  extension  of  the  opening.  Frequent  application  of 
"GILES'"  to  the  coronet,  gently  rubbed  in,  will  promote  a  rapid  growth 
of  new  hoof.  In  aggravated  cases  where  a  fungus  growth  manifests  it- 
self in  the  opening  cauterizing  with  a  hot  iron  at  intervals  of  two  or 
three  days  and  keeping  a  wad  of  oakum  wet  with  the  remedy  bound  on 
the  part,  will  prove  m.ost  effective. 

FALSE  QUARTER — A  depression  of  the  wall  of  the  hoof,  owing 
to  the  failure  of  the  coronet  to  secrete  the  horny  crust.  The  loss  of  the 
(^ecreting  power  is  caused  by  an  iniury  such  as  tread  or  ciuittor,  whic]| 
has  destroyed  the  horn  secreting  cells.  False  quarter  may  commence  at 
any  part  of  the  coronet;  but  is  most  common  at  that  from  which  it  takes 
its  name. 

TREATMENT — Promote  a  rapid,  healthy  growth  of  new  hoof  by 
daily  applications  to  the  coronet  and  heel  of  the  remedy  well  rubbed  in. 
This  can  be  accelerated  by  the  removal  of  dead  substances  from  the 
sole,  the  application  of  a  wad  of  oakum  held  in  place  by  a  leather  be- 
tween the  hoof  and  shoe.  This  oakiun  should  be  wet  with  "GILES"  at 
least  every  other  day.  With  a  fine  rasp  or  file  remove  the  accumulations 
of  unhealthy  growth,  leaving  the  surface  as  smooth  as  possible.  Apply 
a  wad  of  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy  and  held  in  place  by  a  ban- 
dage. Remove  the  dressing  when  the  horse  goes  out  for  work  or  exercise, 
but  replace  it  when  he  returns  to  the  stable  and  keep  the  oakum  well 
saturated  with  the  remedy. 

SPLIT  HOOF — The  chief  forms  of  this  accident  are:  The  result  of 
concussion,  presumably  on  hard  ground,  which  commences  on  the  ground 
surface  of  the  hoof  at  the  bottom  of  the  groove  which  separates  the 
heels  at  either  side,  from  the  frog  and  extends  through  the  horn  more  or 
leSB  up  to  the  coronet  at  the  back  of  the  pastern.  The  wall  of  the  hoof 
sometimes  splits  at  the  lower  extremity,  forming  a  spurious  sand  crack; 


no  "GILES." 

but  rarely  extends  higher  than  a  couple  of  inches.  It  may  also  come  as 
a  horizontal  division  of  the  horn,  which  generally  commences  a  little 
alDOve  the  heels,  extends  in  a  forward  and  slightly  upward  direction. 
Again,  the  horn  of  the  coronet  sometimes  separates  horizontally  for  a 
short  distance  and  forms  a  cavity  in  which  water  and  dust  may  lodge. 

TREATMENT — Enlarge  the  opening  l)y  rasping  or  scraping  away 
the  edges  of  the  horn  to  admit  of  the  remedy  penetrating  well  into  the 
crack.  A  wad  of  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy  sh.ould  he  bound 
over  the  opening.  Frequent  applications  of  the  remedy  should  be  made 
to  the  coronet  and  heels  and  well  rubbed  in.  In  aggravated  cases 
where  there  are  signs  of  fungus  growth  or  suppuration,  the  horn  should 
be  cut  away  to  admit  of  wiping  out  with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  all  un- 
healthy matter.  In  serious  cases  there  may  be  a  growth  of  a  cancerous 
nature,  in  which  event,  frequent  but  slight  cauterization  with  a  hot  iron 
will  be  necessary,  and  in  addition  to  the  wad  of  oakum  bound  over 
the  opening,  the  foot  should  be  kept  in  a  soaking  boot  with  oakum  well 
saturated  with  the  remedy.  This  mode  of  treatment,  if  faithfully  fol- 
lowed, will  promote  a  rapid  growth  of  sound,  healthy  hoof. 


LAMINITIS  OR  FOUNDER, 

CAN  BE  CURED  IN  TEN  DAYS. 

Is  congestion  followed  by  inflamruation  of  the  feet.  There  is  loss  of 
appetite,  reduction  in  the  quantity  of  urine  and  increased  thirst. 
Symptoms  may  develop  in  from  a  few  hours  to  several  days,  li 
the  trouble  is  in  the  fore  feet,  the  horse  will  try  to  relieve  the  pressure 
by  stretching  them  forward  in  order  to  throw  the  weight  on  the  heels 
and  by  bringing  the  hind  feet  as  far  as  possible  under  the  center  of 
gravity  of  the  body.  If  the  trouble  is  in  the  hind  feet,  the  fore  feet 
will  be  drawn  back  under  the  body  and  the  hind  ones  advanced  to  relieve 
the  toes  of  pressure,  bending  the  head  and  neck  down  to  take  the  weight 
off  the  hind  legs.  There  is  usually  a  considerable  amount  of  heat  in  the 
hoofs,  the  coronets  are  full  and  more  or  less  hot,  the  arteries  of  the  pas- 
terns throb,  and  the  affected  leg  is  usually  filled  below  the  knee  or 
hock,  as  the  case  may  be.  Even  a  light  tap  on  the  hoof  causes  pain  and 
there  is  great  distress,  especially  if  the  hind  feet  are  affected.  Breathing 
is  hurried  and  the  lining  membrane  of  the  eyelid  is  more  or  less  red  from 
congestion  and  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow.  The  breathing  is  apt  to 
give  the  impression  that  the  animal  is  suffering  from  congestion  of  the 
lungs.  The  pulse  is  full  and  hard.  There  is  a  tendency  to  recurrence  and 
also  to  become  chronic. 

NOTE— If  the  "GILES"  mode  of  treatment  is  faithfully  and  thor- 
oughly followed,  a  horse  suffering  with  acute  laminitis  can  be  cured 
sound  in  from  seven  to  ten  days  and  made  to  show  no  indication  of  the 
trouble.  Experience  justifies  the  statement  that  this  is  possible  with  no 
other  treatment. 


HORSEWELFARE.  Ill 


TREATMENT— Place  the  feet  in  a  tub  of  water  as  hot  as  the  hand 
will  comfortahly  bear.  Soak  for  a  period  of  from  one  to  two  hours, 
keeping  the  water  at  as  even  a  temperature  as  possible,  at  the  same 
time  administering  from  four  to  six  ounces  of  the  remedy  by  the  mouth 
and  a  rectal  injection  of  2  to  4-ounces.  Follow  with  2-ounce  doses  by  the 
mouth  at  intervals  of  thirty  minutes  to  one  hour  until  a  satisfactory 
temperature  is  induced.  Bathe  the  muscles  of  the  inside  of  the  legs  from 
hoof  to  shoulder  with  the  remedy  well  rubbed  in.  After  taking  the 
horse  from  the  water,  remove  the  shoes  as  gently  as  possible  and  dry 
the  feet  and  ankles  thoroughly  with  a  rub  rag.  Place  the  feet  in  soak- 
ing boots  with  oakum  well  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Bathe  the  in- 
side of  the  legs  to  the  shoulders  frequently  and  continue  administering 
2-ounce  doses  every  two  or  three  hours  after  the  temperature  becomes 
normal.  Feed  sparingly  for  the  first  day  or  two,  after  which  give  light 
feeds  of  nutritious  food  to  keep  up  the  animal's  strength.  After  the 
fourth  or  fifth  day  the  animal  may  be  removed  from  the  boots  and  given 
slight  exercise,  but  returned  to  the  boots.  On  the  seventh  or  eighth  day 
the  animal  should  be  in  condition  to  admit  of  his  being  shod  with  oakum 
in  the  bottom  of  the  feet,  held  in  place  by  a  leather  between  the  shoe 
and  hoof.  Do  not  draw  the  nails  too  tight  and  keep  the  oakum  in  the 
bottom  of  the  feet  well  moistened  with  the  remedy,  thereby  effecting  a 
complete  cure.  In  the  absence  of  a  soaking  tub,  the  feet  and  ankles 
should  be  swathed  in  woolen  cloths  and  kept  saturated  with  the  hot 
water  for  a  couple  of  hours.  Any  hair  removed  will  be  quickly  renewed 
if  the  surface  be  kept  moistened  with  the  remedy. 

CHRONIC  LAMINITIS— Is  a  condition  of  the  foot  in  which  the 
inflammation  of  laminitis  has  produced  deformity  of  the  hoof.  It  is 
safe  to  assume  that  when  such  deformity  exists,  the  foot  has  lost  a 
certain  amount  of  its  strength  and  usefulness  and  is  abnormally  liable  to 
suffer  from  acute  attacks  of  the  trouble.  The  ailment  is  serious  in  its 
nature  and  insidious  in  its  approach  The  horse  throws  his  weight  on  his 
heels  and  therefore  walks  with  a  more  or  less  straight  knee,  the  action 
being  very  different  to  that  due  to  navicular  trouble.  In  walking  the 
fore  feet  are  advanced  more  than  in  health,  though  the  steps  taken  are 
shorter  than  usual.  The  profile  of  the  hoof  usually  becomes  more  or  less 
concave  from  coronet  to  toe;  the  sole  flattened  or  convex;  the  horn 
weak  and  brittle;  the  thickness  of  the  horn  of  the  toe  on  the  ground 
surface,  considerably  increased  and  the  frog  larger  than  usual  as  the 
result  of  increased  pressure.  Seedy  toe  often  accompanies  chronic  lami- 
nitis. 

TREATMENT— Partial  relief  is  all  that  can  be  hoped  for  when 
laminitis  reaches  the  chronic  state.  Bathing  the  coronet  and  heel  thor- 
oughly with  the  remedy  and  shoeing  with  a  wad  of  oakum  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  foot,  held  in  place  by  leather  and  the  oakum  kept  wet  with 
the  remedy  has  been  conducive  of  good  results. 

SEEDY  TOE— Is  a  cavity  formed  within  the  wall  of  the  hoof  ex- 
tending from  the  ground  surface  in  the  direction  of  the  coronet.    Gen- 


112  "GILES." 

erally  it  is  best  marked  at  the  toe,  but  may  also  extend  round  the  quar- 
ters. It  may  be  due  to  laminitis  or  other  causes,  such  as  long-continued 
strain  on  the  feet  which  is  not  sufficient  to  induce  laminitis.  It  is  also 
attributed  to  the  habit  some  animals  acquire  of  never  lying  down  and 
the  pressure  of  the  clip  of  the  shoe  has  been  given  as  a  cause  of  the 
trouble.  Generally  there  is  no  suspicion  of  the  existence  of  the  cavity 
until  discovered  by  the  smith.  It  is  found  partly  filled  with  a  soft,  dry 
material  which  crumbles  away  when  rubbed  between  the  fingers.  The 
existence  of  the  trouble  may  readily  be  seen  on  removal  of  the  shoes. 

TREATMENT — Clean  out  the  cavity  to  its  full  extent,  pour  in  the 
remedy  and  pack  the  opening  with  a  small  piece  of  gauze  or  cheese  cloth 
kept  saturated  with  the  remedy.  Bathe  the  heel  and  vicinity  of  the 
coronet  with  the  remedy  well  rubbed  in  to  promote  a  rapid  growth  of 
healthy  hoof.  Pressure  of  the  shoe  on  the  affected  part  should  be  re- 
lieved by  cutting  away  the  sole  and  wall  of  the  hoof  slightly  ir  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  trouble. 


NEUROTOMY  OR  UNNERVING.  • 

THIS  is  an  operation  performed  on  horses  which  are  lame  from  sup- 
posedly incurable  affections,  like  navicular  trouble,  by  removal 
of  the  sensory  nerve  or  nerves  above  the  seat  of  the  pain.  What 
is  called  the  high  plantar  operation  deprives  the  foot  and  pastern  of 
feeling.  The  two  nerves  which  are  operated  on  pass  down  each  side  of 
the  leg  just  in  front  of  the  perforans  tendon  immediately  above  the  fet- 
lock joint.  They  are  white,  tough  and  fibrous  and  about  the  diameter  of 
a  clay  pipe  stem.  They  each  have  a  vein  and  artery,  the  former  being  in 
front  and  the  latter  in  the  middle,  as  a  rule.  The  median  operation  takes 
the  sense  of  feeling  from  almost  the  entire  leg  from  a  little  below  the 
elbow,  and  is  especially  used  when  the  seat  of  pain  is  in  the  knee  or 
fetlock.  About  an  inch  of  the  median  nerve  on  the  inside  of  the  leg 
just  below  the  elbow  and  at  the  near  end  of  the  radius  of  the  forearm 
is  removed.  When  these  nerves  are  simply  cut  in  two  they  are  likely  to 
reunite  and  the  pain  will  return,  so  that  in  order  to  prevent  such  a  result 
an  inch  or  so  of  the  nerves  are  removed. 

Many  serious  consequences  are  likely  to  follow  unnerving,  although 
some  horses  appear  to  go  sound  for  some  time.  In  shoeing  an  unnerved 
horse  there  is  a  chance  of  his  being  pricked  v>rithout  discovery  until  seri- 
ous results  afterward  manifest  themselves.  Softening  of  the  back  tendons 
and  sloughing  of  the  hoof  are  evil  results  which  happen  from  the  oper- 
ation, especially  of  the  high  one. 


HORSE     WELFARE.  113 


AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  BONE, 

JOINTS  AND  CARTILAGE. 

SPLINTS — Allowing  for  the  difference  of  structure,  inflammation 
of  bone  follows  the  same  course  as  inflammation  of  other  tissues. 
According  to  the  best  view,  it  may  originate  from  irritation  due 
to  the  tearing  away  of  the  points  of  attachment  of  the  bone  with  tendon 
or  ligament  inserted  on  it;  from  direct  injury,  as  from  blows;  from  in- 
direct injury,  as  from  concussion;  from  compression,  from  changes 
brought  on  by  chill,  generally  ascribed  to  rheumatism,  and  from  infec- 
tion. 

The  splint  bones  are  firmly  attached  to  the  cannon  bones  at  the  knees 
and  hocks  and  are  generally  loose  at  their  lower  ends.  Instead  of  oc- 
cupying a  more  forward  position,  as  they  once  did,  they  have  taken  up 
positions  at  the  back  of  the  cannon  bones,  the  three  bones  forming  a 
groove  for  the  suspensory  ligament  which  was  once  a  muscle.  This  ar- 
rangement of  the  splint  bones  is  a  serious  predisposing  cause  of  lame- 
ness, because  the  consequent  bony  enlargement  would  be  apt  to  give  rise 
to  painful  pressure  on  this  ligament.  The  distance  of  the  lower  end  of 
a  splint  bone  from  its  fetlock  is  variable.  On  rare  occr.sions  it  extends 
down  to  the  level  of  the  fetlock  and  is  furnished  with  pastern  and  hoof, 
which  to  a  certain  extent  is  harking  back  to  the  early  ancestors.  The 
average  curtailment  in  the  length  of  the  splint  bone,  however,  is  not 
enough  for  the  great  amount  of  concussion  which  the  horse  encounters  in 
trotting  on  hard  roads  or  galloping  with  a  rider  even  on  soft,  elastic  turf. 
Therefore,  exceptionally  long  splint  bones,  especially  if  their  ends  are 
unusually  thick,  are  often  predisposing  causes  of  lameness.  It  is  assumed 
that  the  frequency  of  splints  is  increasing  and  their  gravity  diminishing 
in  equal  ratio. 

The  heavier  the  horse's  body  compared  with  the  strength  of  the 
bones  of  his  legs  the  more  predisposed  he  will  be  to  develop  splints.  In 
young  and  healthy  horses  each  of  the  splint  bones  is  attached  to  the 
cannon  bone  by  a  strong  interosseous  ligament  which  tends  to  become 
converted  into  bone  with  advancing  years. 

Several  of  the  most  eminent  authorities  have  divided  splints  into 
five  classes,  viz:  The  simple  splint;  the  double  or  pegged  splint;  the 
splint  close  to  the  knee;  two  splints,  one  above  the  other,  and  a  bony 
deposit  involving  the  cannon  and  splint  bones  with  those  of  the  knee. 
In  a  majority  of  cases  splints  are  of  the  simple  form,  which  is  away  from 
the  knee  and  does  not  interfere  with  the  tendons  and  suspensory  liga- 
ment, and,  as  it  occasions  but  little  lameness,  is  of  little  consequence  so 
far  as  the  usefulness  of  the  horse  is  concerned. 


114  "GILES." 

Horses  five  years  old  or  under  are  most  liable  to  splints,  "because  the 
ligament  which  connects  the  splint  bone  to  the  cannon  bone  is  then  in 
its  entirety  and  more  easily  affected  by  sprain  than  when  it  becomes  more 
or  less  converted  into  bone  with  advancing  years.  A  splint  on  the  leg  of 
a  heavy  draft  or  work  horse  is  not  so  grave  a  thing  as  one  on  a  fast 
horse,  especially  a  trotter,  for  concussion  is  the  chief  factor  in  aggravat- 
ing pain  and  lameness.  Hackneys  or  high  acting  carriage  and  coach 
horses  also  suffer  more  from  splint  lameness  than  flat  racers,  or  hunters, 
because  of  their  high  action. 

A  splint  on  the  outside  of  the  fore  leg  is  generally  more  serious  than 
on  the  inside,  especially  if  it  is  well  forward  and  high  up,  as  it  will  then 
be  more  likely  to  interfere  with  the  extensor  tendon  of  the  long  pastern 
bone.  On  the  hind  leg  a  splint  may  occur  on  the  inside  of  the  leg  from 
the  downward  pressure  of  the  small  cuneform  bone  at  the  top  of  the 
small  splint  bone. 

Aged  horses  are  seldom  troubled  with  splints.  Not  much  hope  can 
be  held  out  for  the  recovery  of  an  aged  horse  which  has  been  lame  for 
some  time,  or  at  intervals,  from  a  splint  close  to  the  knee,  or  from  splints 
which  involve  the  two  splint  bones  of  the  foreleg  and  cause  considerable 
enlargement  through  the  entire  extent  of  these  bones. 

TREATMENT — Rest  and  time  will  remove  lameness  and  greatly  re- 
duce the  size  of  even  large  splints  in  most  instances.  Applications  of 
"GILES,"  well  rubbed  in,  will  aid  in  the  removal  of  inflammation  and 
soreness.  Rubbing  the  enlargement  with  a  glass  bottle  will  have  a  bene- 
ficial effect.  Much  time  and  money  have  been  wasted  in  attempts  to  cure 
lameness  resulting  from  splints  which  affected  the  joints.  Time  is  about 
the  only  remedy  that  will  effect  a  cure,- 

SORE  SHINS — Consist  of  bony  formations  generally  confined  to  the 
front  of  the  lower  third  of  the  cannon  bone,  v/hen  fully  developed,  al- 
though the  inflammation  may  involve  the  entire  front  of  the  bone.  Like 
splints,  sore  shins  are  more  common  in  young  horses,  especially  young 
race  horses.  The  trouble  being  caused  by  concussion,  is  generally  con- 
fined to  the  fore  legs,  although  all  four  of  the  cannon  bones  have  some- 
times been  affected.  Unless  taken  in  time,  sore  shins  is  a  grave  ail- 
ment and  in  some  cases  is  fatal. 

TREATMENT— Liberal  applications  of  "GILES"  to  the  bruises, 
well  rubbed  in,  will  prove  most  effective  in  removing  the  inflammation 
and  soreness.  Application  of  the  paste  (page  24)  has  invariably  given 
better  results  than  sharp,  irritating  liniments. 

RINGBONE — This  name  is  applied  to  bony  deposits  on  the  pastern 
bones. — False  ringbone  may  be  regarded  as  a  bony  deposit  on  the  long 
pastern  bone  and  may  be  on  one  or  both  sides  of  it,  in  some  instances  ex- 
tending to  the  front  of  the  bone.  This  form  causes  lameness  occasionally 
by  interfering  with  the  action  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  suspensory  liga- 
ment. Sometimes  the  upper  surface  of  the  long  pastern  bone  is  affected, 
which  many  result  in  incurable  lameness. 

In  high  ringbone  the  deposit  involves  the  joint  which  is  between  the 


HORSE     WELFARE.  115 

long  and  short  pastern  bones  and  the  swelling  may  be  easily  seen  on  the 
front  of  the  pastern.  In  severe  cases  of  this  form  of  ringbone  there  is 
complete  bony  union  between  the  two  pastern  bones. 

The  most  serious  form  of  this  trouble  is  low  ringbone,  that  is,  when 
the  formation  affects  the  joint  between  the  pedal  bone  and  the  short 
pastern  bone,  on  account  of  the  unyielding  nature  of  the  horny  wall  of 
the  hoof  which  surrounds  the  implicated  joint.  Both  high  and  low  ring- 
bone may  be  due  to  inflammation  which  leaves  the  articular  cartilage  of 
the  affected  joint  intact.  Ringbones  are  more  common  on  the  hind  than 
the  fore  feet,  more  weight  being  thrown  on  the  toe.  It  will  be  observed 
that  in  the  lameness  caused  by  ringbone  the  horse  lifts  his  foot  off  the 
ground  in  a  stiff  manner,  as  if  making  an  effort  to  bend  the  pastern  joints 
as  little  as  possible. 

TREATMENT— Liberal  applications  of  "GILES,"  well  rubbed  in, 
and  the  use  of  the  paste  (page  24)  has  proven  beneficial  in  the  re- 
moval of  inflammation  and  pain  in  the  case  of  ringbone  affecting  the 
upper  portion  of  the  joint  (high  ringbone),  especially  in  its  early  stages. 
But  no  claim  is  made  for  this  remedy  for  the  removal  of  enlargements  of 
the  bones. 

BONE  SPAVIN — As  a  result  of  inflammation  there  is  a  deposit  of 
bone  on  the  inner  and  lower  part  of  the  hock,  commencing  usually  oe- 
tween  the  middle  cuneiform  and  the  cannon  bone,  or  between  the  middle 
and  lower  cuneiform  bones.  The  higher  this  bony  formation  extends 
the  more  serious  is  the  trouble.  When  it  is  low  down  it  is  of  much  less 
consequence,  as  the  bony  union  of  the  joint  between  the  middle  cunei- 
form and  the  cannon  bone  does  not  gravely  affect  the  horse's  action. 

TREATMENT— At  the  start  the  application  of  "GILES"  has  af- 
forded relief  by  reducing  inflammation  and  removing  soreness.  But  we 
make  no  claims  for  the  remedy  as  a  cure  for  bone  spavin. 

STIFF  JOINTS  AND  KNUCKLING  OVER  (Applying  to  the  fet- 
lock and  knee) — The  pastern,  especially  in  speed  horses,  has  a  tendency 
to  become  unduly  upright  from  the  effects  of  work.  This  is  owing  to 
inability  to  extend  the  joint  to  a  normal  extent,  that  is,  to  bring  the  fet- 
lock pad  sufficiently  near  the  ground  As  the  action  of  the  leg  in  pro- 
ducing locomotion  is  due  to  the  difference  between  its  length  when  its 
joints  are  bent  and  v;lien  they  are  straightened  out;  loss  of  play  in  the 
fetlock  joint  is  always  followed  by  more  or  less  loss  of  power  of  locomo- 
tion. When  inflammation  from  work  or  sprain  occurs  in  a  joint  suf- 
ficiently to  permanently  impair  its  power  of  movement,  adhesions  will  be 
found  about  the  part  and  probably  a  shortening  of  the  ligaments  which 
antagonize  the  extension  of  the  joint  and  check  the  descent  of  the  fet- 
lock pad.  On  the  further  progress  oi  the  case  there  will  generally  be  a 
deposit  of  bone  about  the  part  and  the  gradual  conversion  into  bone  of 
the  fibrous  structures  and  cartilages  of  the  joint  The  only  chance  of  a 
return  to  soundness  is  when  the  articular  cartilages  have  remained  intact 
and  when  the  bony  deposit  is  so  situated  as  not  to  interfere  with  the 
movement  of  the  joint.    Sometimes  ^s:&f'€JBisAiou  of  the  fetlock  joint  has 


116  "GILES." 

been  complicated,  or  caused  by  a  fracture  of  one  or  more  of  the  sesamoid 
bones  which  lie  at  the  back  of  the  fetlock.  There  is  no  hope  of  restora- 
tion in  that  case. 

RHEUMATOID  JOINT  (Rheumatoid  anthritis) — By  reason  of  loss 
of  smoothness  in  the  working  of  a  joint  friction  is  set  up,  with  the  re- 
sult that  the  opposing  and  altered  cartilages  are  worn  away  and  the  ends 
of  the  bones  are  brought  into  contact.  The  exposed  bone  being  unable 
to  bear  friction,  the  surfaces  rub  against  each  other  and  become  inflamed 
and  a  deposit  of  very  compact  bone  is  formed  in  their  substance.  There 
is  always  a  certain  amount  of  stiffness  in  the  joint  with  marked  lameness 
at  times.  Sudden  and  most  painful  lameness  has  been  known  to  occur  in 
a  work  horse,  to  the  extent  that  the  animal  would  hold  the  affected  leg 
off  the  ground  for  a  time,  until  the  muscles  tired.  A  horse  with  this  af- 
fection in  the  hock  may  continue  capable  of  a  fair  amount  of  work  for 
years,  however.     See  treatment  below. 

SIDEBONES — The  ossification  of  the  lateral  cartilages  may  be  par- 
tial or  complete  and  may  affect  one  or  both  cartilages.  The  lateral  car- 
tilages are  plates  of  cartilage  mixed  with  fibrous  tissue  which  are  at- 
tached to  and  placed  above  the  wings  of  the  pedal  bone  on  each  side. 
Side  bones  are  almost  always  confined  to  the  fore  feet,  and  in  most 
cases  affect  only  work  horses,  the  outer  cartilage  being  more  frequently 
affected  than  the  inner,  more  often  on  the  near  fore  foot.  They  are  rarely 
seen  in  young  horses  which  have  not  been  put  to  work.  The  main  causes 
of  the  affection  are  lack  of  pressure  on  the  frog  and  injury.  The  high 
cailis  worn  by  work  horses"  which  keep  natural  pressure  off  the  frog  ap- 
pear to  be  greatly  responsible. 

TREATMENT  (For  Rheumatoid  Joints  and  Sidebones) — The  in- 
herent qualities  of  "GILES"  for  the  removal  of  inflammation  which  is 
always  present  and  the  direct  cause  of  pain  and  soreness,  will  afford  bet- 
ter relief  than  sharp  liniments,  blisters,  etc.,  which  only  add  to  the  ani- 
mal's suffering. 

BIG  HEAD  (Osteoporosis) — This  seems  to  be  a  constitutional  affec- 
tion manifesting  itself  by  a  porou;:  condition  of  the  bones  and  by  more 
or  less  general  paralysis.  The  characteristic  swelling  of  the  bones  of  the 
nose,  owing  to  their  prominence  and  porous  nature,  is  most  noticeable, 
and  which  gives  it  the  name  "Big  Head."  As  a  rule,  it  is  confined  to 
young  animals;  but  it  has  been  known  to  attack  all  classes  and  sexes. 
The  malady  usually  runs  a  fatal  course  of  from  several  months  to  two  or 
three  years. — The  only  hope  of  cure  is  treatment  in  the  early  stages. 

TREATMENT — When  this  ailment  is  sufficiently  advanced  to  be 
clearly  defined  it  is  too  late  for  successful  treatment  of  any  kind. 

RICKETS — This  is  an  affection  of  the  young  during  the  time  in 
which  the  development  of  bone  is  taking  place,  confined  almost  entirely 
to  foals  and  yearlings.  The  principal  manifestations  are  increased  de- 
velopment of  new  bone  which  is  abnormally  soft  and  weak  and  the  forma- 
tion of  bony  tumors,  especially  about  the  joints.  The  existing  bone  re- 
mains practicaiy  unchanged,  and  the  surface  of  the  body  is  unusually 


HOESE     WELFARE. 


117 


sensitive  to  pressure.  Milk  which  is  defective  in  quality  and  quantity, 
an  insufficiency  of  salts  of  lime  in  the  food,  too  high  feeding  and  lack  of 
exercise,  are  the  chief  causes  of  the  ailment.  It  may  be  mistaken  for 
rheumatoid  joint  disease,  umbilical  pyaemia  or  big  head.  There  is  not  a 
very  hopeful  chance  of  recovery. 

TREATMENT — Continued  constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses 
of  the  remedy  twice  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  like 
amount,  from  the  first  manifestation  that  the  colt  is  "off,"  will  serve 
to  prevent  the  development  of  this  ailment.  Regular  exercise  and 
judicious  feeding,  or,  if  possible,  a  long  run  in  pasture  will  prove  mosr' 
beneficial. 


[h-fcrans  mascLe . 

T(^iie  hock  joint 

Astixigahis   •-■ 

Gmeiromv  magna 
Gtnei/bm.  mediuiw 

CututOn  Oene, 


Jhihratus 
..Seat  or  thproughfihiy 
\Seal  ofcajificd  Jwclt 


■  ■  Os  calcis- 


CaJLcaneo-  cuhoidb 


.  .\  ■  ■Cuboid'  bono 
'.-Seatafairb 

.  '.  .Exlemai  ijUiiU  bene 

Ihibi'otiLs 
Faforan^ 


Outside  view  of  near  hock,  with  some  of  the  structures  remoyed. 


118  "GILES." 


ABOUT  GLANDERS  AND  FARCY. 

HOW  INFECTION  IS  CARRIED. 

IN  farcy,  the  malady  is  chiefly  shown  in  the  skin  and  the  tissues 
immediately  underneath  it,  although  the  trouble  may  first  mani- 
fest itself  hy  painful  swellings  in  the  flexor  tendons  or  by  rheu- 
matic symptoms. 

ACUTE  FARCY — There  is  shivering  and  rise  in  internal  temperature, 
accompanied  by  painful  swellings,  generally  of  one  hind  leg,  although 
other  parts  may  be  affected.  The  swelling  may  or  may  not  subside  after 
a  day  or  two,  while  nodules  or  farcy  buds  and  enlarged  lymphatic  vessels 
appear  on  the  surface  of  the  skin.  They  are  generally  clustered  away 
from  the  joints  and  are  hard  and  painful  to  the  touch.  Usually  they 
break  out  inside  the  thighs  and  forearms  or  on  the  neck;  but  they  soften 
rapidly  and  form  ulcers  which  have  a  tendency  to  run  together  similar  to 
those  in  the  nostrils  of  glandered  animals.  There  is  considerable  of  a 
discharge  of  a  dirty  yellow  color  which  dries  on  their  edges  or  may  over- 
flow on  the  surface  of  the  part.  The  enlarged  lymphatic  glands  have 
prominent  swellings  which  mark  the  position  of  their  valves  that  are  in- 
flamed by  the  virus  in  the  circulating  fluid  of  their  vessels.  These  tumors 
also  suppurate  and  form  ulcers.  Both  the  fever  and  the  swelling  are 
more  or  less  remittent,  the  latter  sometimes  subsiding  in  one  leg  and  ap- 
pearing in  the  other. 

CHEONIC  FARCY — This  form  is  much  milder  than  the  acute,  there 
being  but  little  constitutional  disturbance,  and  the  tumors  may  remain 
indolent  for  a  long  time. 

TREATMENT — Acute  and  Chronic  Farcy.  Farcy  as  manifested  by 
bunches  under  the  skin,  commonly  called  farcy  buds  and  other  symptoms 
of  farcy  which  does  not  affect  the  membranes  of  the  air  passages,  may 
be  safely  said  to  be  amenable  to  successful  treatment.  The  best  results 
will  obtain  from  administering  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth 
four  or  five  times  a  day,  and  one  or  two  rectal  injections  of  2-ounces  per 
day;  rubbing  the  bunches  or  buds  with  the  tips  of  the  fingers  wet  with 
the  remedy,  and  applying  it  liberally  on  oakum  saturated  with  the  remedy 
when  indications  of  the  trouble  appears  on  the  legs.  This  treatment 
has  in  very  many  cases  served  to  eradicate  the  poison  from  the  system. 


"HE  GERM  OF  GLANDERS. 

SLANDERS  is  caused  by  a  germ  known  as  the  bacillus  mallei.     The 
malady  is  confined  principally  to  the  lungs,  bronchial  tubes,  wind- 
pipe and  nostrils;  and  in  well  authenticated  cases  it  is  manifested 
:  \aamE  adhering  tightly  to  the  inside  of  the  lower  jawbone,  the  dl; 


HORSE     WELFAEE.  119 

charge  from  which  is  insoluble  in  water.  In  glanders  there  is  a  discharge 
from  the  nostrils,  swelling  of  one  or  more  of  the  glands  between  the  angles 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  ulceration  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nostrils. 
If  the  affection  commences  with  symptoms  of  farcy  only  and  allowed  to 
run  its  course,  the  lung  symptoms  will  become  apparent.  Symptoms  of 
farcy  are  present  in  about  50  per  cent,  of  the  cases  of  glanders  and  both 
have  the  acute  and  chronic  form. 

ACUTE  GLANDERS — May  be  the  termination  of  chronic  glanders 
or  farcy,  or  the  first  form  to  attack  a  horse.  Shivering  fits  of  greater  or 
less  intensity  are  usually  the  first  indications  of  an  attack  and  a  rise 
in  the  internal  temperature  of  from  7°  to  8°  F.,  with  consequently  more 
or  less  fever.  The  breathing  will  be  hurried  and  painful;  the  pulse 
rapid  and  weak;  the  coat  dry  and  staring.  The  mucous  membrane  of  the 
nose  becomes  filled  with  nodules  and  ulcers  which  run  together  and  dis- 
charge pus.  These  nodules,  about  the  size  of  small  shot,  are  seen  prin- 
cipally on  the  partition  which  divides  the  nostrils  and  have  a  white  or 
yellowish-white  center,  encircled  by  a  transparent  grayish  zone  which  is 
surrounded  by  a  circle  of  red.  They  finally  form  abscesses,  burst  anA 
leave  ulcers  resembling  hard,  syphilitic  chancres  with  depressed  edges- 
Acute  glanders  usually  runs  a  rapid  course. 

CHRONIC  GLANDERS — This  form  may  be  very  gradual  and  with 
little  sign  of  constitutional  disturbance,  there  often  being  nothing  to  in- 
dicate its  presence  save  a  slight  discharge  from  the  nose,  and  one  or 
both  of  the  sub-maxillary  glands  swollen  hard.  In  fact,  there  may  not 
be  a  discharge  or  even  a  swelling  of  the  glands  at  first,  or  such  symptoms 
may  come  and  go  intermittently;  there  may  also  be  swelling  of  one  or 
both  of  the  glands  with  no  discharge  from  the  nose.  This  condition  may 
continue  for  many  months  and  at  last  result  in  the  breaking  down  of 
the  general  health  or  the  setting  in  of  acute  glanders.  At  first  the  dis- 
charge of  this  form  of  glanders  is  similar  to  that  of  an  ordinary  cold; 
but  it  soon  has  the  appearance  of  boiled  starch  or  the  white  of  an  egg, 
being  sticky  and  dries  about  the  edge  of  the  nostrils.  The  discharge 
usually  issues  from  one  nostril,  indicating  the  affected  side,  generally  the 
left,  or  it  may  come  from  both  and  become  mixed  with  pus  and  blood. 
There  will  be  a  tumor  on  each  side  in  case  both  nostrils  are  affected.  In 
case  only  one  is  affected,  the  eye  on  that  side  will  be  weaker  and  smaller 
than  the  other,  with  frequently  a  flow  of  tears. 

PULMONARY  GLANDERS— Is  a  variety  of  the  common  form  con- 
fined almost  entirely  to  the  lungs,  in  which  there  is  neither  discharge 
from  the  nose  or  swelling  under  the  jaw.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  dull 
dry  cough,  the  animal  becomes  weak  and  languid  and  the  sounds  of  the 
chest  are  like  those  of  pneumonia.  This  condition  may  drag  along  for 
months  and  the  animal  finally  die  of  debility  without  showing  any  further 
symptoms  of  glanders;  but  yet  have  been  capable  all  the  time  of  affect- 
ing horses  near  him,  or  he  may  be  carried  off  suddenly  by  an  acute  attack. 

MODES  OF  INFECTION— Glanders  is  most  readily  communicated 
by  contact  of  discharged  virus  from  the  nostrils  or  farcy  bud  with  a 


120  "GILES." 

wound  or  any  mucous  membrane.  It  is  generally  believed  that  it  is  im- 
possible for  the  bacilli  of  glanders  to  be  carried  directly  from  one  horse 
to  another,  or  through  the  air  as  the  bacilli  would  only  float  in  the  air 
when  dried  and  drying  kills  them.  An  animal  may  be  innoculated  by  in- 
gestion, that  is,  taking  the  virulent  discharges  into  the  mouth  with  food 
and  water,  or  by  touching  objects  with  the  mouth  which  have  been  con- 
taminated, or  by  transmission  to  the  foetus  through  the  blood  of  the 
dam,  or  by  flies.  Two  other  modes  of  infection  are  possible,  through 
copulation  or  drinking  the  milk  of  an  infected  mare. 

TREATMENT — Experieince  teaches  that  the  tests  applied  for  glan- 
ders kills  a  majority  of  the  horses  on  which  it  is  tried,  and  much  doubt 
exists  in  the  minds  of  nearly  all  who  have  carefully  observed  the  results 
of  such  tests,  as  to  its  efficiency.  Yei;rs  of  experience  justifies  the  belief 
that  a  surer  and  better  test  is  afforded  by  ' '  GILES. ' '  If  the  malady  is 
not  glanders  a  vigorous  and  faithful  application  of  the  "GILES"  method 
of  treatment  will  produce  prompt  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the 
animal.  Serious  cases  of  nasal  gleet  being  often  mistaken  for  glanders, 
and  the  well  known  ability  of  "GILES"  to  promptly  relieve  and  quickly 
cure  this  trouble,  suggests  the  advisability  of  vigorous  treatment  as  di- 
rected for  this  trouble  (page  42)  and  carefully  observing  results  before 
allowing  any  action  or  treatment  which  is  likely  to  result  in  the  loss  of 
the  animal. 

LYMPHANGITIS — Is  an  ailment  due  to  the  microbe  cryptococcus 
f arciminosus  of  Rivolta,  and  is  a  specific  contagious  form  of  lymphangitis. 
The  symptoms  of  the  affection  are  much  like  those  of  farcy.  Abscesses 
accompanied  by  lymphangitis  appear  around  the  affected  part  in  and 
just  under  the  skin.  They  form  nodular  new  growths  which  are  later 
seen  on  the  lymph  glands,  connective  tissue  of  the  muscles,  bones  and 
even  the  conjunctiva,  which  undergo  a  slow  process  of  suppuration,  and 
change  to  fungoid  ulcers  in  the  skin.  The  pressure  of  hard  lymphatic 
vessels  is  a  marked  feature  of  the  ailment. 

TREATMENT — The  first  attack  of  this  trouble  will  readily  respond 
to  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  administered  four  or  five 
times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  once  or  twice  a  day 
and  liberal  bathings  of  the  affected  leg  from  the  hoof  to  the  body,  par- 
ticularly the  inside  where  the  enlarged  glands  are  most  in  evidence.  Re- 
currence is  less  likely  from  this  treatment  than  any  other;  but  subse- 
quent attacks  should  be  vigorously  treated  in  the  same  manner.  The 
second  or  third  attacks  are  almost  certain  to  leave  permanently  enlarged 
legs. 

ULCERATIVE  LYMPHANGITIS— Usually  shows  in  one  of  the  legs, 
the  hind  being  more  commonly  affected.  The  lymphatic  vessels  of  the 
leg  swell  and  form  abscesses  which  burst  into  ulcers  on  the  inside  and 
sometimes  on  the  outside  of  the  leg,  which  may  become  so  swollen  that 
the  animal  can  put  no  weight  on  it.  Abscesses  and  ulcers  may  form  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  body.     Sometimes  the  abscesses  and  corded  lymph- 


HORSEWELFARB.  121 

atics  disappear  in  summer  and  r*urn  with  cold  weather.  Post  mortem 
examinations  have  shown  that  the  suppuration  has  extended  to  the 
kidneys. 

TREATMENT — The  treatment  should  be  the  same  as  for  lymphan- 
gitis and,  in  addition,  the  ulcers  should  be  cleansed  by  wiping  away  all 
purulent  matter  possible  with  a  clean,  rough  cloth  wet  with  the  remedy 
and  the  application  of  oakum  to  the  ulcers  held  in  place  by  a  loose 
bandage  and  kept  well  wet  with  the  remedy. 


TREATMENT  IN  FOALING. 

ATTENTION  to  the  general  health  of  the  mare  should  be  given 
during  all  the  time  she  is  carrying  a  foal.  If  at  any  time  during 
the  period  of  gestation  the  mare  should  show  signs  of  derange- 
ment, 2-ounce  doses  of  "GILES"  should  be  administered  and  an  occa- 
sional rectal  injection,  their  frequency  and  continuance  to  be  governed 
by  the  symptoms.  No  bad  effects  need  be  feared  either  to  mare  or  foal. 
A  fair  amount  of  exercise  should  be  given  and  precautions  taken  against 
over  feeding.  Any  development  of  constitutional  weakness  will  thus  be 
prevented,  abortions  prevented  and  the  health  and  strength  of  the  foal 
be  assured.  The  colt  should  be  permitted  to  have  the  fore  milk,  as  it 
acts  as  a  natural  cathartic  and  is  a  natural  aid  to  the  first  evacuation  of 
the  bowels.  If  deprived  of  this,  constipation  or  diarrhea  is  more  likely 
to  result.  In  case  either  develops,  treat  as  directed.  Applications  of  the 
remedy  to  the  naval  after  severance  of  the  umbilical  cord,  will  prevent 
navel  ill.  Proper  attention  to  foaling  and  foals  will  often  serve  to  pre' 
vent  loss  of  a  year's  care  and  expense. 

ABORTING — The  symptoms  which  manifest  themselves  are  not  dis- 
similar to  colic  and  like  treatment  with  "GILES"  should  be  promptly 
accorded.  This  has  rarely  failed  to  prevent  abortion  and  aid  in  thp 
natural  delivery  of  a  healthy  foal. 

LEUCORRHEA — In  mares  is  caused  by  a  weakness  of  the  genital 
organs  and  manifests  itself  by  a  continuous  discharge  of  a  milk-like 
mucous  from  the  vagina.  This  ailment,  while  rare,  occurs  freciuently 
enough  to  merit  attention.  Relief  and  in  most  case  a  complete  cure  is 
possible  by  the  proper  use  of  this  remedy. 

TREATMENT — Inject  2-ounces  by  the  vagina  (page  24)  two  or 
three  times  a  day  for  a  week  or  ten  days.  After  that  once  or  twice  a 
day  until  the  discharge  ceases.  Constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses 
once  or  twice  a  day  by  the  mouth  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of  s. 
like  amount  should  be  given. 

NAVEL  STRING  INFECTION  OF  FOALS— This  is  a  species  of 
blood  poisoning  that  Is  characterized  by  fever,  painful  swelling  of  cer- 
tain joints  and  most  frequently  by  a  suppurating  condition  of  the  navel. 
German  authorities  hold  that  the  infection  is  inherited  from  the  dam  and 


122    '  *     "GILES." 

to  them  the  germs  of  the  ailment  is  often  communicated  hy  the  stud, 
which  clearly  proves  that  preventive  measures  should  be  taken  before 
foaling.  The  proportion  of  colts  affected  seems  to  be  greater  in  some 
localities  than  in  others,  and  of  those  which  suffer  with  this  navel  ill  a 
majority  die  within  the  first  three  weeks  after  birth. 

SYMPTOMS — The  trouble  usually  manifests  itself  by  suppuration, 
the  second  or  third  week  after  birth,  before  the  natural  healing  of  the 
navel  opening.  Foals  two  or  three  months  old  and  in  an  apparently 
healthy  condition  are  sometimes  attacked  by  this  ailment  in  the  form 
of  painful  swellings  of  the  joints.  Of  those  which  recover  from  a  bad 
attack  few  are  worth  the  trouble  of  raising,  as  their  constitutions  are 
generally  left  in  a  permanently  impaired  condition. 

TREATMENT — In  the  localities  where  the  ailment  is  common,  pre- 
ventive measures  should  be  used  and  for  this  purpose  a  constitutional 
treatment  of  "GILES"  should  be  given  the  mare  at  intervals  during  the 
month  previous  to  foaling.  This  will  act  to  neutralize  and  remove  the 
poisons  from  the  blood  and  will  in  a  general  way  improve  her  condition, 
render  foaling  safe  and  easier  and  make  the  milk  more  healthful  for  the 
foal,  thus  preventing  bowel  troubles  which  often  occur.  During  the  first 
two  or  three  weeks  after  birth  "GILES"  should  be  applied  to  the  navel 
by  means  of  a  soft  sponge  which  will  in  nearly  all  cases  serve  to  prevent 
infection.  Should  suppuration  show  it  should  be  removed  as  gently  as 
possible  by  use  of  a  piece  of  cloth  saturated  with  the  remedy.  After 
which  "GILES"  should  be  injected  into  the  opening.  If  swelling  of  the 
joints  occur  they  should  be  well  bathed  with  the  remedy  and  one-half  to 
1-ounce  doses  should  be  given  by  the  mouth  two  or  three  times  daily  and 
a  rectal  injection  of  a  like  amount  each  day  for  two  or  three  days.  Then 
occasionally  as  long  as  the  treatment  is  needed. 


NYMPHOMANIA  IN  MARES: 

EXCESSIVE  sexual  impulse  in  mares  does  not  constitute  an  inde- 
pendent ailment,  being  a  symptom  which  may  be  brought  about 
by  various  causes.  Over  feeding,  lack  of  proper  exercise  and  the 
near  presence  of  stallions  are  some  of  the  causes  that  will  tend  to  induce 
excitation.  The  exciting  cause  in  some  mares  may  be  traced  to  irrita- 
tion of  the  ovaries,  affections  of  the  uterus  which  prevent  conception  by 
chronic  vaginitis,  new  growths  and  displacements,  atrophy  or  hypertrophy 
of  the  womb.  Some  mares,  while  not  excited  to  the  excessive  extent  of 
nymphomania,  will  be  found  in  the  condition  termed  "horsing"  at  fre- 
quent intervals.     This  is  not  uncommon  with  racing  mares. 

SYMPTOMS — Usually  extreme  or  intermittent  "horsing"  may  fre- 
quently become  permanent,  in  which  the  mare,  although  duly  served,  does 
not  concieve  or  regularly  miscarries.  She  then  appears  restless,  eyes  un- 
steady, neighs  often  and  evinces  great  desire  to  urinate,  straining  and 
emitting  but  a  small  quantity  of  urine  mixed  with  mucous.  She  lashes 
her  tail,  is  sensitive  to  the  touch,  lowers  her  hind  quarters  and  sometimes 


HORSEWELFARE.  123 

kicks  and  bites.  There  may  be  temporary  loss  of  appetite  and  gradual 
loss  of  flesh.  It  has  been  known  to  develop  into  maniacal  symptoms  with 
tetanic  spasms;  difficulty  in  swallowing,  palpitation  and  contraction  of 
the  belly  muscles.  Sometimes  there  is  dullness,  almost  to  insensibility. 
In  some  cases  the  symptoms  will  disappear  for  a  time  after  the  animal 
has  been  covered,  but  they  usually  return  in  a  short  time,  and  are  very 
prejudicial  to  the  animal's  general  health. 

TREATMENT — Inject  2  to  4-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the  vagina  and 
bathe  the  rear  of  the  abdomen  thoroughly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  udder. 
Any  excess  of  the  remedy  should  be  carefully  wiped  away  and  not  al- 
lowed to  run  down  legs  or  belly.  Two  or  three  applications  of  this  treat- 
ment will  invariably  produce  desired  results.  The  advisability  of  admin- 
istering tonic  doses  of  2-ounces  by  the  mouth  two  or  three  times  a  day 
and  a  rectal  injection  once  a  day  will  be  apparent. 

SATYRIASIS,  or  excess  of  sexual  excitement  in  stallions,  will  be 
relieved  by  tonic  doses  of  2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day. 

IMPOTENCY — For  a  clearer  understanding  of  this  trouble  the  terms 
impotence  of  coition  and  impotence  of  procreation  are  used.  The  most 
common  source  of  the  former  is  weakness  in  the  genital  organ  due  to 
chronic  affection  of  the  spinal  cord  and  brain.  Other  causes  may  be  such 
morbid  conditions  of  the  organ  as  kinking,  phimosis,  paraphimosis,  new 
growths  on  it  or  abnormal  size.  There  may  also  be  motor  troubles,  such 
as  painful  affections  of  the  joints,  like  spavin  or  ringbone,  or  weakness 
in  the  hind  quarters  which  prevent  leaping.  Impotence  of  procreation  is 
attributable  either  to  a  lack  of  semen  or  the  absence  in  it  of  spermatozoa. 
Both  testicles  may  be  lacking  or  atrophied  through  inflammatory  and  de- 
generate conditions.  Treatment  for  the  latter  condition  is,  of  course, 
useless. 

TREATMENT— The  general  condition  of  the  stallion  and  his  ability 
to  perform  a  reasonable  amount  of  service  will  be  v/onderfully  improved 
by  tonic  doses  of  2-ounces  of  "GILES"  three  times  a  day  and  an  oc- 
casional rectal  injection  of  like  amount  daily  or  occasionally. 

FOULNESS — Proper  means  to  prevent  foulness  of  the  sheath  is 
rarely  accorded  horses  ordinarily.  This  is  important,  as  it  is  often  the 
cause  of  serious  derangement  of  the  urinary  organs.  The  common  prac- 
tice of  washing  with  soap  and  water  and  clawing  out  the  scales  and  other 
foreign  matter  causes  irritation  and  leaves  the  part  in  an  inflamed  condi- 
tion. These  troubles  may  all  be  averted  and  the  animal  kept  in  a  proper 
condition  by  syringing  the  remedy  liberally  into  the  sheath  and  wiping 
out  with  a  rough  rub  rag  or  bunch  of  oakum.  This  method  is  by  far  the 
simplest,  easiest  and  most  effective  for  the  proper  removal  and  preven- 
tion of  foulness.  Injection  of  some  of  the  remedy  into  the  penis  will 
serve  to  dissolve  the  accumulation  of  foreign  matter,  commonly  called 
"bean"  and  admit  of  its  easy  removal  or  cause  it  to  come  away  of  itself. 


124  "GILES." 

CARE  OF  A  TIRED  HORSE. 

WHEN  a  horse  is  tired  he  should  be  carefully  attended  to  as  if 
he  had  developed  symptoms  of  a  serious  ailment,  for  his  entire 
system  is  in  a  receptive  state  and  douhly  susceptible  to  the  at- 
tacks of  poison  germs  and  to  the  variations  of  heat  and  cold.  The  tis- 
sues are  relaxed  and  the  heart,  circulatory  system,  liver,  kidneys,  lungs, 
etc.,  are  not  as  capable  of  performing  their  functions,  and  therefore  the 
processes  of  assimilation  and  elimination  are  not  so  vigorous.  Ignorance 
of  these  facts  has  often  put  a  horse  on  the  sick  list.  It  is  always  the 
safest  plan  to  regard  a  tired  horse  as  a  sick  horse  and  treat  him  accord- 
ingly. In  some  instances  a  very  little  work  is  rectuired  to  reach  the  point 
of  extreme  fatigue  or  over-exertion,  while  at  other  times  a  horse  is  able 
to  do  much  more  without  tiring  to  that  extent.  This  is  especially  the 
case  with  horses  in  training.  When  they  are  a  "little  off,"  not  enough 
to  be  classed  as  sick,  they  will  tire  much  quicker,  as  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  they  will  take  a  great  amount  "of  work  one  day  without  becom- 
ing over-tired  and  the  next  day  show  extreme  fatigue  after  a  little  work. 

It  is  too  often  the  case  that  owners,  trainers  or  caretakers  do  not 
realize  the  actual  condition  of  a  tired  horse  and  give  him  little  more  care 
than  to  put  him  in  his  stall  with  an  idea  that  a  rest  is  all  he  needs,  when 
the  slightest  disturbance  of  the  internal  economy  may  lead  to  severe 
derangement  from  which  congestion  in  one  or  more  of  the  parts  may 
come,  leading  to  inflammation,  fever  and  one  or  more  of  the  symptomatic 
complications  attending  on  them. 

TREATMENT — To  have  "GILES"  always  at  hand  and  to  admin- 
ister 2-ounces  to  a  horse  that  shows  the  least  signs  of  being  "off,"  is  the 
most  profitable  investment  that  any  horse  owner  can  make.  It  is  a 
vitalizer  and  tonic  stimulant  which  produces  no  reactive  effect  and  will 
induce  a  prompt  return  of  the  appetite,  will  improve  the  circulation, 
reinforce  the  strength  of  the  heart  and  tone  up  the  entire  system.  Two- 
ounce  doses  may  be  repeated  as  frequently  as  judgment  dictates  and  an 
occasional  rectal  injection  of  like  amount  should  be  given.  This  ex- 
pedient is  proving  so  successful  in  very  many  stables  that  sickness  and 
incapacity  for  service  is  a  rarity. 

SPEED  AND  SHOW  HORSES. 

IT  is  demonstrated  to  a  certainty  and  attested  by  the  most  promi- 
nent and  successful  men  in  the  racing  game  who  have  experi- 
mented and  thoroughly  tested  "GILES"  in  the  past  fifteen  years, 
that  it  is  unequaled  and  not  even  approximated  as  a  preventive  and  cure 
of  the  many  troubles  and  ailments,  slight  and  serious,  incident  to  horses 
in  training  for  speed  or  the  show  ring.  Congestion  is  the  forerunner  of 
every  trouble.  To  prevent  and  relieve  congestion  is  to  avert  every  ail- 
ment and  complication  that  can  arise.  This  can  only  be  accomplished  by 
maintaining  an  equitable  circulation,  any  impairment  of  which  will 
q[uickly  manifest  itself  in  weakness  of  the  heart,  lack  of  vital  energy. 


HORSEWELFARE.  125 

loss  of  appetite,  suppression  of  natural  perspiration,  shortness  of  wind 
and  soreness. 

"GILES"  will  stop  a  cough  quickly  and  keep  the  respiratory  organs 
in  the  best  possible  condition;  stimulate  the  action  of  the  heart  by  iu- 
creasing  the  pressure  of  the  blood,  thus  supplying  the  vital  energy  neces- 
sary for  repeated  or  continued  exertion,  induce  uniform  perspiration  in 
working  out;  enable  cooling  out  without  the  least  danger  of  soreness; 
prevent  the  liability  of  staleness  from  long  or  over  training;  remove  all 
soreness  from  the  muscle  and  tendons;  relieve  the  pain  and  soreness  of 
a  speedy  cut,  or  quarter  cut  between  heats;  prevent  and  cure  chapped 
heels;  promptly  and  effectually  prevent  and  remove  the  inflammation, 
pain  and  consequent  lameness  caused  by  a  nail  prick  or  wound;  neutralizf< 
the  bad  effects  of  changes  of  climate  and  water  and  the  troubles  in- 
cident to  shipping.  The  proper  and  intelligent  use  of  "GILES"  will 
keep  a  horse  in  the  pink  of  condition  at  all  times. 

TREATMENT — Tonic  Conditioner.  Give  2-ounce  doses  by  the 
mouth  two  or  three  times  a  day  and  a  rectal  injection  of  like  amount 
once  a  day.  One  of  these  doses  should  be  given  after  exercise  and  the 
retal  injection  after  the  horse  comes  in  from  work. 

COOLING  OUT — Give  2-ounces  immediately  after  work  and  before 
exposure  to  drafts;  give  rectal  injection  of  2-ounces  upon  return  of  the 
horse  to  the  stable.  This  treatment,  in  connection  with  ordinary  care, 
will  give  prompt  relief  from  over  exertion  and  prevent  all  danger  of 
soreness. 

WORKINC-.  OUT — If  a  horse  does  not  perspire  naturally  and  freely 
in  his  work  it  is  a  sure  indication  of  impaired  circulation.  Give  im- 
mediately 2-ounces  of  "GILES"  by  the  mouth,  and  if  convenient  give 
a  2-ou''.ce  rectal  injection.  This  will  immediately  stimulate  the  circula- 
tio/'  and  correct  the  trouble. 

AS  A  SPEED  SUSTAINER  BETWEEN  HEATS-— Give  2-ounces  of 
"GILES"  by  the  mouth  immediately  on  return  of  the  horse  to  the  pad- 
dock. Cool  out  in  the  regular  way  by  blanketing  and  walking.  Give 
one  to  two  ounces  more  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  before  starting  again. 
This  will  strengthen  the  heart,  reinforce  vital  energy,  prevent  and  re- 
lieve fatigue,  greatly  increase  his  strength  and  endurance  and  avert  bad 
effects.  "GILES"  is  a  tonic-stimulant  that  produces  no  reactive  effect. 
It  does  not  weaken,  but  positively  strengthens  the  heart. 

For  treatment  of  cough,  cold  and  chill  see  pages  29-31;  cuts,  wounds 
and  bruises,  page  78;  shipping  troubles  and  climatic  changes,  page 
41;  foot  troubles,  page  101. 


USEFUL  HINTS  TO  "FEEDERS." 

FATTENING  AND  CONDITIONING— The  wide  range  of  experi- 
ments and  expedients  resorted  to  by  "feeders"  of  draft  horses 
to  make  them  take  on  the  most  flesh  in  the  least  time  and  at  the 
smallest  expense,  is  usually  accomplished  at  the  expense  of  the  usefulness 
and  soimdness  of  the  animal.     Little  or  no  exercise  is  permitted  and  the 


f^26 


GILES. 


Ixorses  are  literally  stuffed.  Under  these  conditions  it  is  no  wonder  that 
they  otten  "get  off  their  feed,"  refuse  to  eat  for  several  days  and  the 
desired  results  are  retarded.  A  good  circulation  heing  indispensible  to  a 
condition  of  health  and  any  impairment  of  the  circulation  is  quickly 
manifest  in  a  decrease  or  ahsence  of  appetite.  A  cold  or  chill,  however 
slight,  will  affect  the  appetite  and  different  expedients  are  resorted  to 
to  restore  it  as  quickly  as  possible.  Stock  foods  containing  drugs,  solu- 
tions containing  arsenic,  fever  drops  containing  narcotic  poisons  as  their 
active  principles  and  similar  methods,  are  growing  in  disfavor  with  ex- 
perienced "feeders"  because  they  only  serve  to  excite  the  appetite  for 
a  time,  and  in  the  case  of  arsenic,  where  its  use  is  long  continued,  it  af- 
fects the  liver  and  other  organs  and  renders  the  horse  unsound.  The 
after  effects  of  ordinary  fever  drops,  weaken  the  heart  and  impairs  the 
wind. 

The  experience  of  "feeders"  with  "GILES"  has  been  most  satis- 
factory. It  affords  the  means  of  quickly  stopping  a  chill  or  cold,  abat- 
ing a  fever,  correcting  the  circulation  and  causes  the  return  of  a  natural 
and  healthy  appetite,  to  the  end  that  the  animal  is  kept  on  full  feed  all 
the  time,  and  when  fit  and  ready  is  in  a  sound  condition,  ready  to  do  any 
work  for  which  he  is  intended. 

Conditioning  drivers  requires  other  methods,  as,  in  addition  to  put- 
ting on  flesh,  their  muscles  must  be  hardened  and  their  general  health 
of  the  best.  Nothing  is  so  conducive  to  the  healthy  development  of  a 
horse  of  any  age  as  a  constitutional  treatment  of  2-ounce  doses  of 
"GILES"  one  to  three  times  a  day  and  an  occasional  rectal  injection  of 
like  amount.  It  is  freely  said  of  this  great  remedy  by  those  of  experi- 
ence that  it  is  the  best  treatment  ever  devised  for  horses  with  any  in- 
cipient ailment,  which  proves  its  superior  efficiency  at  any  stage.  The 
horse  owner  who  keeps  it  always  on  hand,  to  use  both  as  a  preventive  and 
cure,  will  save  time,  loss  and  annoyance. 


N>^ 

^-■Ms: 

,ffii     ,-  "  ■*  ■■"  ■"•'"" 

■ 

Test  for  Spavin. 


HORSEWELFARE.  127 


DETECTION  OF  LAMENESS, 

POINTING  AND  ACTION. 

WHEN  pain  or  inability  causes  a  horse  in  movement  to  alter  the 
natural  distribution  of  weight  on  one  or  more  of  the  legs,  or  to 
alter  the  extension  and  flexion  of  any  of  the  joints  he  is  lame. 
Irregularity  is  commonly  supposed  to  constitute  lameness.  A  horse  which 
is  lame  "all  around"  may,  however,  go  level.  Although  deficiency  of 
action  is  usually  the  cause,  the  lameness  of  stringhalt  is  due  to  its  ex- 
cess. In  the  case  of  a  horse  that  is  equally  lame  in  all  his  legs  the 
duration  of  their  periods  of  contact  with  the  ground  and  the  play  of  one 
or  more  of  their  respective  joints  will  not  be  normal.  In  a  majority  of 
cases  either  the  toe  or  heel  will  be  unduly  favored  m  the  distribution  of 
weight.  Under  ordinary  circumstances  it  is  diflacult  to  say  when  lame- 
ness is  not  caused  by  a  complication  of  both  mechanical  inability  to 
move  naturally  and  from  pain.  If,  for  instance,  a  horse  is  lame  from  a 
stiff  joint  which  exhibits  no  inflammatory  symptoms  after  work,  and  if 
the  nature  of  the  lameness  is  unaffected  by  work,  it  may  be  reasonably 
inferred  that  the  lameness  is  accompanied  by  little  or  no  pain.  Depriv- 
ing the  foot  of  feeling  by  neurotomy,  or  by  the  injection  of  cocaine  in 
old  cases  of  foot  lameness,  as  from  ringbone,  is  so  often  followed  by  re- 
moval of  the  defect  in  gait  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  purely  me- 
chanical causes  give  rise  to  foot  lameness  much  less  frequently  than 
might  be  supposed. 

Lameness  may  be  shown  when  the  foot  of  the  lame  leg  is  on  the 
ground,  as  when  the  horse  is  suffering  from  a  painful  corn;  when  the  foot 
is  raised  as  in  case  of  stiffness  of  the  knee,  without  pain,  and  when  the 
foot  is  on  or  off  the  ground,  as  in  acute  pain  of  the  fetlock  joint. 

EXAMINATION  FOR  LAMENESS— First  try  to  find  the  affected 
leg  and  then  endeavor  to  discover  the  seat  of  the  trouble  or  inability  in 
that  leg.  Cases  of  slight  lameness  behind,  especially  those  of  spavin  and 
stringhalt,  are  often  best  seen  when  the  horse  is  made  to  turn  on  his  fore 
leg  to  one  side  and  then  the  other  oT  the  stall  or  box.  It  may  then  be 
observed  that  he  will  shift  the  weight  on  to  one  hind  leg  quicker  than 
he  will  to  the  other,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  unsound  leg. 

POINTING — It  is  first  desirable  to  see  the  animal  in  his  stall  when 
he  is  standing  quietly.  If  sound,  he  will  often  rest  one  hind  leg  by 
bending  the  fetlock  while  he  keeps  both  fore  legs  firmly  planted,  and 
after  a  time  will  ease  the  other  hind  leg,  and  so  on.  Although  under 
ordinary  conditions  one  fore  leg  may  be  slightly  advanced  beyond  the 
other,  it  will  not  be  relieved  of  its  fair  share  of  weight  unless  when  af^ 


128  "GILES." 

fected,  for  a  horse  will  naturally  stand  with  equal  hearing  on  the  fore 
legs  when  on  level  ground.  A  tired  horse,  although  sound,  may  rest  a 
near  hind  and  an  off  fore  leg  and  vice  versa.  A  horse  that  is  lame  in 
one  fore  leg  usually  stands  with  its  pastern  straighter  than  with  that  of 
the  sound  one.  When  a  horse  stands  with  a  fore  leg  advanced  heyond 
the  other  it  is  termed  pointing,  giving  an  indication  of  soreness  or  lame' 
ness.  He  may  rest  it  with  only  the  toe  on  the  ground,  with  the  heel 
only,  or  with  the  foot  flat  on  the  ground.  If  it  is  seen  that  a  horse  pre- 
fers to  stand  in  a  strained  position,  pointing  with  one  foot  rather  than 
put  weight  on  it,  it  may  very  reasonably  be  supposed  that  he  is  lame  in 
that  leg. 

When  the  trouble  is  in  the  front  of  the  foot,  as  a  general  rule,  the 
animal  is  only  inclined  to  rest  the  heel  on  the  ground,  but  when  on  the 
back  of  the  foot  he  will  often  raise  the  heel.  The  former  position  is  that 
adopted  in  acute  laminitis  and  generally  that  of  painful  ringbone;  the 
latter  by  horses  with  confirmed  navicular  trouble.  When  the  affection 
is  not  in  the  foot,  in  most  case  of  pointing,  the  horse  keeps  the  joints  of 
the  foot  bent  and  the  heel  consequently  raised.  In  very  bad  cases  of 
lameness  in  the  hind  leg,  the  foot  may  be  kept  off  the  ground. 

In  the  early  stage  of  navicular  trouble,  the  horse  sometimes  points 
by  simply  keeping  the  foot  advanced  with  both  heel  and  toe  on  the 
ground;  but  he  soon  begins  to  support  the  foot  by  the  toe  and  to) 
"round"  the  fetlock  joint.  In  rare  cases  he  will  stand  level.  Sometimes 
lameness  is  manifested  by  a  horse  when  standing,  by  shifting  his  feet 
frequently.  Animals  affected  with  navicular  trouble  often  acquire  the 
habit  of  lying  down  in  their  stalls  a  great  deal. 

In  the  pointing  of  elbow  lameness  the  forearm  is  extended,  the  knee 
in  a  state  of  flexion  and  the  foot  on  a  level  with  or  back  of  its  fellow. 
In  severe  shoulder  lameness  the  leg  is  relaxed,  knee  bent  and  the  foot 
back  of  its  fellow;  sometimes  the  toe  only  touches  the  ground  and  the 
whole  leg  semi-pendulous  owing  to  the  inability  of  the  muscles  to  ele- 
vate and  bring  it  forward  without  pain. 

In  acute  liminitis,  when  the  trouble  is  in  the  fore  feet,  the  horse  ad- 
vances them  so  as  to  relieve  their  toes  of  pressure  and  to  throw  the 
weight  of  the  body  on  the  hind  legs.  When  the  hind  feet  are  affected 
the  animal  draws  back  his  fore  feet  and  advances  the  hind  feet. 

THE  TROT  AS  A  GAIT  TO  DETECT  LAMENESS— In  most  cases 
the  trot  is  more  suitable  for  the  detection  of  lameness  than  the  walk. 
At  the  latter  gait,  when  the  lame  leg  comes  to  the  ground  it  has  the 
support  of  two  other  legs,  but  on  the  trot  of  only  one  other  leg,  its  diag- 
onal fellow.  Consequently,  there  is  more  weight  on  the  lame  leg  at  the 
trot.  When  a  horse,  lame  in  the  fore  or  hind  leg,  is  trotted  he  will  save 
the  unsound  leg  at  the  expense  of  its  diagonal  fellow.  The  reverse  will 
occur,  to  a  less  extent,  when  the  lameness  is  in  front.  Such  cases  of 
cross  lameness  are  more  apparent  when  the  trouble  is  behind,  because 
lameness  in  the  fore  legs  is  more  easily  detected. 

MOVEMENTS   OF   THE   HEAD— If   a  horse   is  left   at   liberty  to 


HORSEWELFARE.  129 


move  his  head  and  neck  he  will  use  them  as  a  sort  of  a  balance  to  re- 
lieve the  unsound  leg  as  far  as  possible.  If  he  is  lame  in  front  he  will 
raise  his  head  when  the  lame  leg  comes  down,  and  will  bring  it  more  into 
its  natural  position  when  the  sound  fore  leg  touches  to  the  ground.  He 
will  lower  the  head  if  the  lameness  is  in  the  hind  leg,  when  the  opposite 
fore  leg  comes  down.  If  a  horse  is  lame  in  both  fore  or  both  hind  legs 
he  will  go  short  and  stiff  and  will  try  to  take  the  weight  off  the  lame 
pair  by  keeping  his  head  high  or  low,  as  the  case  may  be.  If  marked  im- 
provement is  seen  when  the  animal  is  moved  on  soft  ground  it  serves  to 
confirm  the  suspicion  of  lameness. 

When  the  defective  gait  is  characterized  more  by  shortness  of  step 
and  want  of  freedom  in  placing  the  feet  on  the  ground,  than  by  irregu- 
larity, it  is  safe  to  conclude  that  both  fore,  both  hind  or  all  four  legs  are 
unsound.     Irregularity  is  particularly  accentuated  at  the  trot. 

If  the  existence  of  spavin  is  suspected  take  up  the  foot  and  bend 
the  hock,  holding  it  in  that  position  for  a  minute  or  so.  After  that  if 
the  animal  trots  sound  the  joint  may  be  considered  all  right.  Bone 
trouble  may  be  suspected  in  severe  cases  of  lameness,  such  as  incipient 
ringbone,  if  the  horse  stands  level  in  the  stall,  but  trots  lame  on  hard 
ground.  In  all  cases  it  should  be  observed  if  the  animal  backs  freely  and 
with  regularity.  If  not,  it  will  often  be  indicative  of  shivering.  Cer- 
tain obscure  cases  of  lameness  can  only  be  detected  in  the  first  few  steps 
as  the  animal  is  being  taken  from  the  stable,  for  afterward  he  may 
work  sound.  This  usually  indicates  the  early  stages  of  insidous  and 
serious  ailment. 

PECULIARITIES  OF  ACTION— Some  horses  acquire  a  sort  of  hitch 
or  lift  in  trotting  from  being  ridden  or  driven  badly.  Some  horses  ap- 
pear to  go  lame  behind  when  trotting  very  fast  on  account  of  the  hind 
legs  not  being  able  to  keep  time  v/ith  the  fore.  Horses  have  been  known 
to  go  quite  lame  in  harness  and  sound  under  saddle,  caused  from  having 
had  at  some  time  a  galled  shoulder.  This  species  of  lameness  is  some- 
times seen  in  horses  which  have  a  sore  spot  on  the  bearing  surface  of  the 
collar. 

Intermittent  lameness  may  be  caused  by  rheumatism  or  cramp  of  the 
muscles,  as  well  as  by  the  early  stages  of  navicular  trouble,  Lameness, 
as  a  rule,  improves  v/ith  exercise,  except  in  cases  of  splints,  sore  shins, 
corns,  laminitis  and  sprains.  A  horse  suffering  from  navicular  trouble 
will  go  up  hill  sounder  than  down,  while  the  reverse  is  the  case  in  lamin- 
itis. 

When  an  animal  is  lame  behind  the  trouble  is  generally  in  the  hock. 
In  the  feet  of  work  horses  when  in  front  and  in  the  ligaments,  tendons, 
or  cannon  bones  of  speed  horses.  If  a  horse  goes  lame  in  front  without 
any  observable  cause  and  wears  away  the  toe  of  the  shoe,  navicular 
trouble  may  be  suspected.  If  he  goes  on  the  heel,  however,  either  lamiu.- 
itis  or  ringbone  is  probable.  When  the  lameness  is  behind  and  the  toe 
becomes  worn  it  is  generally  due  to  sprain. 

Navicular  trouble  and  occult  spavin  are  rarely  found  in  horses  under 
seven  years  old.  Side  bones  are  confined  chiefly  to  work  horses,  sore 
shins  to  race  horses  and  navicular  affection  to  cab  and  carriage  horses. 


130  "GILES." 


NURSING  AND  FEEDING 

SICK  AND  AILING  HORSES. 

WHEN  sick  the  horse  should  be  placed  by  himself  in  a  box  stall 
which  is  scrupulously  clean,  well  bedded  down,  properly  ven- 
tilated and  free  from  draughts.  As  a  rule,  sick  horses  should  be 
kept  in  a  warm  atmosphere  in  which  the  waste  of  tissue  will  be  less  than 
when  the  air  is  cold,  for  they  are  seldom  able  to  feed  heartily.  Warmth 
is  especially  desirable  in  ailments  of  the  chest  and  air  passages,  and  the 
box  should  be  heated  so  as  to  prevent  the  air  from  becoming  vitiated. 
In  the  many  ailments  which  require  the  skin  to  be  kept  in  healthy  ac- 
tion warmth  is  also  essential,  and  it  is  more  desirable  to  raise  the  tem- 
perature of  the  atmosphere  than  to  obtain  warmth  by  an  abundance  of 
clothing,  which  will  only  annoy  and  fatigue  him,  yet  the  air  should  not 
be  rendered  too  dry.  There  should  be  perfect  ventilation  without 
draughts.  An  ordinary  way  of  doing  this  is  to  raise  the  sash  a  few 
inches  and  close  the  opening  with  a  board,  thus  the  air  will  get  in  be- 
tween the  sashes  without  a  draught. 

The  patient  should  be  loose  in  the  stall  so  that  he  can  move  about 
or  lie  down  at  will,  unless  the  trouble  requires  him  to  be  placed  in  slings 
or  tied  up.  In  cases  of  lameness,  saw  dust,  moss  or  wood  shavings  are 
often  better  than  straw  bedding,  as  they  more  readily  conform  to  the 
animal's  movements. 

CLOTHING — In  case  the  temperature  of  the  stall  cannot  be  con- 
trolled clothing  that  is  very  light  and  warm  should  be  employed,  which 
should  be  frequently  changed  and  thoroughly  brushed,  cleaned  and  dried. 
Should  the  patient  possess  an  irritable  skin  a  cotton  sheet  should  be 
placed  between  it  and  the  heavier  blanket. 

FEEDING  SICK  HOKSES — Temptingly  prepared  food,  judiciously 
varied,  should  be  given  in  small  quantities,  and  often,  in  order  to  stimu- 
late an  appetite,  remnants  of  the  food  should  be  immediately  removed 
and  the  manger  cleaned.  Neither  food  nor  drink  should  be  forced  on 
the  animal,  as  his  appetite  will  indicate  whether  or  not  his  system  re- 
quires food. 

LAXATIVE  FOOD — Following  is  a  list  of  foods  which  are  good  for 
allaying  inflammatory  symptoms  when  it  is  desired  to  keep  the  bowels  in 
a  lax  state  and  in  promoting  the  excretion  of  waste  material  from  the 
system,  as  well  as  to  keep  up  strength.  Grass,  green  wheat,  oats  and 
barley;  carrots,  parsnips,  turnips,  gruel,  bran  mash,  linseed  and  bran 
mash,  boiled  barley,  linseed  tea  and  hay  tea.  V 

Grass  and  similar  food,  if  cut  when  wet,  should  be  well  dried  before 


HORSEWELFARE.  131 

being  used,  and  boiled  grain  should  be  cooked  in  as  little  water  as  pos- 
sible, so  that  it  will  be  comparative!:/  dry  when  done,  and  always  salted. 

WATER — As  a  general  thing,  sick  as  well  as  healthy  horses  should 
have  a  constant  supply  of  fresh  drinking  water.  In  exceptional  cases 
the  quantity  can  be  lessened  and  the  chill  taken  off,  as  in  purging.  The 
water  should  be  slightly  warm  in  many  cases,  but  not  above  80°  F.  In 
cases  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs  or  congestion  of  the  liver,  the  drinking 
of  a  quantity  of  cold  water  would  tend  to  contract  the  blood  vessels  of 
the  intestinal  canal  and  increase  the  blood  pressure  on  the  affected 
organs. 

SALT — At  least  three  ounces  of  salt  should  be  allowed  a  sick  animal 
each  day  or  a  lump  of  rock  salt  kept  constantly  in  the  maflger.  It  aids 
digestion  and  the  building  up  of  tissue. 

GROOMING — Unnecessary  grooming  will  worry  a  weak  and  de- 
pressed horse,  although  properly  applied  and  vigorous  hand  rubbing  or 
wisping  has  a  good  general  effect  in  removing  deleterious  matter  from 
the  system  through  the  skin.  It  is  always  well,  however,  to  sponge  out 
the  eyes,  nostrils  and  dock,  smooth  over  the  coat,  hand  rub  the  legs, 
strip  the  ears  and  take  off  the  clothing  worn  at  night,  replacing  it  with 
a  clean,  fresh  change. 

EXERCISE — The  too  common  opinion  that  an  ailing  animal  in  a  box 
stall,  especially  if  roomy,  gets  all  needed  exercise,  results  in  the  neglect 
of  a  very  important  factor  in  hastening  the  return  to  a  condition  of  use- 
fulness. The  animal  should  be  forced  to  move  a  little  more  than  he  is 
inclined  to  whenever  his  condition  admits  of  it  and  the  exercise  should 
be  gradually  increased  daily.  A  cure  effected  under  these  circumstances 
is  much  more  likely  to  be  permanent. 


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Length  Over  all  12  inches 
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Manufactured  exclusively  for  us 
from  our  own  specifications.  The 
best  proportioned  and  most  mechanically 
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made. 

The  three  rings  afford  Perfect  Control 
with  one  hand. 

The  long  point  enables  administering 
medicine  without  bringing  the  barrel  in 
contact  with  the  teeth  and  admits  of  giving 
injections  properly. 

Price,  $3.50  Each,  by  Prepaid 

Express. 

Per  Dozen,  $36.00 


GILES    REMEDY  COMPANY 

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04 


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w  m 

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CUES'  MAGIC  LOTION 

HMD  BLOOD  PyRIFIEB 

The  Great  Horse  Remedy 


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In  any  Climate 

{Not  affected  by  Heat  or  Cold.) 


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PRICES 

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Thermometerwlth  Nickel  Case  and  Chain 1  50 


INDEX 


A 

ABDOMEN,  wounds  of 86 

Abdominal,  or  enteric  influenza.  .  .    35 

Aborting    121 

Abscess,  how  formed 51 

Acclimating     41 

Action,    peculiarities   of 129 

Administer,  how  to 23 

Antidote,  use  as  an 19 

Antiseptics,  effects  of 10 

Asthma,   or  heaves 41 

Azoturia,    hsemoglobinuria    63 

B 

BACK    RAKING     26 

Bacterial  Poisoning   1 

Between  Heats 125 

Big   Head,    osteoporosis 116 

Bladder,    anatomy   of 68 

Bladder,    inflammation   of 69 

Bladder,  stone  in  the 69 

Bleeding  after  Castration 81 

Blistering     21 

Blood,    circulation   of 8 

Blood   Poison    46 

Blood  Poison,  septicseniia,  pytemia  48 

Bog  Spavin   97 

Bone,    Joints   and   Cartilage 113 

Bone  Spavin    115 

Botryomycosis,    tumor    98 

Bots    72 

Breathing,   organs  of 30 

Breathing,  affections  of 33 

Brittle     Feet     102 

Broken     Knees     82 

Bronchial  Tubes,  affections  of .  .  .  .    37 

Bronchitis    39 

Bruises    and    wounds 78 

Brushing    78 

Burns  and   Scalds 84 

C 

CALCULI  AND  CONCRETIONS,    61 

Canker    108 

Capped    Hock,    synovial 97 

Capped  Hock,   cyst 100 

Capped   Knee    97 

Capped  Withers    98 

Castration,  bleeding  after 81 

Catarrhal    Fever    34 

Catarrh,  dry  of  head 43 

Cataract    75 

Catheter,    passing    of 24 

Ceretaro    Spinal    Meningitis 47 

Check   Ligament,    sprain   of 94 

Chest,    wounds    of 80 

Chill    31 

Circulation,    of   blood 8 

Clothing,    for    sick 130 

Cohc    53 

Colic,    flatulent    54 

Congestion     4 

Conjunctivitis    74 

Constipation      60 

Contracted    Heels    107 


Cooling   Out    125 

Corns    .105 

Coronet,    inflammation   of 102 

Coronet,     wounds    of 104 

Cough,    how    to   treat 2  9 

Cracked    Heels     85 

Curb    91 

D 

DEEP   WOUNDS    79 

Diarrhea     58 

Diarrhea    of    Foals 58 

Digestion,    organs    of 51 

Directions,   general    28 

Discovery   of   Giles 12 

Distemper    33 

Drugs,   effects  of 20 

Dummies,    immobilite    77 

Dyspepsia,   indigestion    59 

E 

ECZEMA,  of  legs  and  abdomen..  87 

Eczema,  of  pastern 85 

Eczema,    scaly    88 

Eczema,   of  tail 87 

Elbow,   sprain  of 92 

Enlargements,   synovial    96 

Enteritis    56 

Enteric  Influenza    35 

Epilepsy,  staggers   7  7 

Excitement,   sexual    122 

Excitement,    shipping    40 

Exercise     131 

Eye,  affections  of 74 

F 

FALLACIES  OF  TREATMENT .  .  20 

False    Quarter    109 

Farcy,  acute  and  chronic 118 

Feeding,  the  sick 130 

Feeders,  useful  hints  for 125 

Feet,  affections  of 101 

Fetlock  Joint,  sprain  of 95 

Fetlock,  windgalls  of 97 

Fever,   a  common   symptom 18 

Fever,  catarrhal 34 

Fever,  petechial    46 

Fever,    spinal  meningitis 47 

Fever,    shipping    40 

Fever,   treatment  of 31 

Filled  Legs    91 

Flatulent    Colic    54 

Foaling,  treatment  in 121 

Foulness     123 

Founder,     laminitis,       acute      and 

chronic   110 

Frog,  puncture  of 105 

Frostbite 85 

G 

GALLS,  harness 82 

Galls  and  Surface  Sores 84 

General   Directions    28 

Germs,  poison 1 

"Giles,"   discovery  of 12 


INDEX 


Slanders IIS 

Glanders,  acute  and  chronic 119 

Glanders,    pulmonary    119 

Glans    Penis,    warts    on 88 

Grass    Staggers    57 

Grease    85 

Grooming     131 

H 

H^EMOGLOBINURIA,    azoturia..    63 

Harness   Galls    82 

Head,    movement   of 128 

Health,    horses   in 16 

Health,   what   it  means 1 

Heart,    the    7 

Heart,  weak 43,  45 

Heats,  care  between 125 

Heat    Prostration    66 

Heaves    or   asthma 41 

Hidebound     89 

Hip,    sprain   of 92 

Hock,    windgalls   below 97 

Horn  Tumor    103 

Horses,   speed  and   show 124 

I 

IMPACTION  OF  STOMACH 57 

Immobolite,  dummies    77 

Impotency      123 

Indigestion,    dyspepsia    59 

Infection  of  Glanders 119 

Inferior    Sesamoid    Ligaments....  95 

Inflammation  of  Bladder 96 

Intlammation  of  Intestines 56 

Inflammation   of   Kidney 71 

influenza    33 

Influenza,   abdominal   or   enteric.  .  35 

Injections,    rectal     27 

Internal    Parasites    72 

Uchy  Tail    87 

J 

JOINTS,      BONE     AND     CARTI- 
LAGE     113 

Joint,    rheumatoid    116 

Joints,   stiff  and  knuckling  over.. 115 
Joints,  wounds  on  or  near 79 

K 

KIDNEYS,  anatomy  of 70 

Kidneys,   inflammation   of 71 

Knuckling  over    115 

L 

LAMENESS,  detection  of 127 

Laminitis,   founder,   acute 110 

Laminitis,  chronic    Ill 

Lampas    60 

Laryngitis    34 

Laxative  Food    130 

Leucoderma     89 

Leucorrhea 12 1 

Ligaments    ..." ,[    95 

Lightning    Stroke    85 

Liver,    troubles    of 64 

Lockjaw,    tetanus    49 

Lungs,   affections  of 37 

Lymphangitis    120 

Lymphangitis,  ulcerative 120 


M 

MAW   WORM    73 

Melanosis    99 

Moon   Blindness    75 

Mouth,  to  administer  by 23 

Mouth,  wounds  01 83 

Mud   Fever    87 

N 

N..EVI  AND  WARTS 88 

Narcotics,  dangers  of 20 

Nasal    Gleet,    ozaena • .  .  .    42 

Navel  String 121 

Navicular    Trouble    102 

Nervous  Affections    76 

Nettle   Rash    87 

Neurotomy,  unnerving   112 

Nostrils,  to  administer  by 23 

Nursing    39 

Nursing  the  sick 130 

Nymphomania,   sexual   excitement, 
mares    122 

O 

OAKUM,  use  of 24 

Ointment   or   paste 24 

Opthalmia,    simple     74 

Over  Reaches   78 

Oz^na,   nasal  gleet ii 

P 

PALASADE    WORMS    73 

Parasites,  internal 73 

Paste  or   Ointment 24 

Peritonitis    81 

Pharyngitis     34 

Physicing,    evils   of 20 

Pink  Eye   34 

Pleuro-Pneumonia 38 

Pneumonia     37 

Pointing    127 

Poison  Germs 1 

Poll   Evil    82 

Poulticing,   evil  effects  of 21 

Pricks  in  Shoeing 105 

Prolapse    of    Rectum 61 

Prostration,    heat    66 

Pulse  and  Respiration 16 

Pumiced    Feet    102 

Punctures    83 

Purgative  Balls    20 

Purpura    Hsemorrhagica    46 

Pyasmia,  blood  poison 48 

Q 

QUITTOR    106 

R 

RECTAL   INJECTIONS    27 

Rectum,    administration    by 24 

Rectum,  prolapse  of 61 

Respiration    and    Pulse 16 

Retention  of  Urine 68 

Rheumatism    71 

Rheumatoid  Joint    116 

Ricketts    116 

Ringbone    114 

Roaring    43 

Rupture   and   Vomiting 55 


INDEX 


S 

SALT 131 

Sand  Cracks   108 

Satyriasis,    sfallions    123 

Scalds 84 

Scaly  Eczema 88 

Scirrhous  Cord 99 

Scratclies     85 

Seedy  Toe    HI 

Septicaemia,    blood   poison 48 

Serous  Cysts 99 

Serous  Cyst,   near   withers 100 

Shipping  Ailments 40 

Shivering      77 

Shoe  Boil [  loO 

Shoeing,    pricks    in 105 

Shoulder,  sprain  of 92 

Show   Horses    124 

Sidebones 116 

Skin,  troubles  of 87 

Soakmg  and  Tubbing. 22 

Sores  • 84 

Sore  Shins ! .'  114 

Spasmodic  Colic 54 

Spavin,  bone   115 

Speedy  Cutting   79 

Speed    Horses     124 

Speed   Sustainer    125 

Spinal  Meningitis 47 

Splints    113 

Split  Hoof   109 

Sprain  of  Back  Tendon  and  Check 

Ligament    94 

Sprain  of  Back  Tendon 95 

Sprained  Back    94 

Sprain  of  Elbow  and  Hip 93 

Sprain  of  Fetlock  Joint 95 

Sprain  of  Sesamoid  Ligament.  ...    95 

Sprain  of  Shoulder 92 

Sprung  Hock 92 

gtaggers  and  Epilepsy 77 

Staggers,    grass    57 

Staggers,  stomach  f 60 

Stiif  Joints 115 

Stomach,    impaction    of 57 

Stomach,  rupture  of 55 

Stomach,  vomiting 55 

Stone  in  Bladder 69 

Story  of   Dr.   Giles 12 

Strangles    35 

Stringhalt    76 

Sunstroke     66 

Superpurgation,  excessive  purging  58 

Surfeit    87 

Suspensory  Ligament,   sprain  of .  .    94 

Swabbing  the  Throat 25 

Sweeny    93 

Synovial   Enlargements    96 

T 

TEMPERATURE,  how  to  take...    2.5 
Tendons,     back     and     check    liga- 
ments      .' 94 

Tendons,   Ligaments,   Joints,   Mus- 
cles        90 

Tendons,  sprain  of  back 95 

Tetanus,  lockjaw   49 

Thick  Wind 43 

rhoroughpin     97 

Thread    Worms    73 

rirroat,    swabbing    the 25 

Thrush    101 

riuimps    45 


Tired  Horse,  care  of 124 

Tissues,   what  they  are ic 

Treatment,  fallacies  of.  ... 2« 

Trotting,  to  detect  lameness 128 

Tubbing    , 2^ 

Tumors j^'>6 

Tumor,  horn    ^ 

Twists   and   Sprains ^r: 


U 


UMBILICAL  CORD,  affections  of.  121 

Unnerving,  neurotomy    li2 

Urethra,   to  administer  by 24 

Urine,   bloody    68 

Urinary   Organs    68 

Urine,   retention  of 68 

Urine,   voiding  the 24 


"VAGINA,   to  administer  by. 
Vomiting    


W 

WARTS    ON    PENIS ^ 

Warts  and  Nsevi '& 

Wa.ter t^ 

Weak  Heart    43,  '^ 

Wind,  thick,  broken,   roaring >•„ 

Windgalls  of  Fetlock '  ^J- 

Windgalls  below  hock .1 

Windgalls    of    Knee 

Withers,    capped    ■ 

Withers,    serous    cysts 

Wounds  of  Abdomen 

Wounds  and   Bruises 

Wounds  and  Bruises  of  Coronet 

Wounds  of  Chest 

Wtounds  of  Frog  and  Sole. 

Wounds  of  Joints. 

Wounds    of    MQfeth 

Working  Out  T. 

Worms 

Worms  under  eyelid .  .  .... 


,<■  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Anatc'wiy  of  Digestive  Organs.        .  7)6 

Heart  and    ""irctilatory  Syster       .  7 

Location  o      ^laoieness 36 

Clean   For      Legs •.  3 

Ground   Surface  of  Foot....       '.  6 

Sections   of  By>3 11 

Ky.    Blue   Eyes ,■•  '5 

Jugular  Vein    y  17 

Bandag;..g     '  .  ,  19 

Healthy    Foot    ...v 22 

Lower   Side    off  Hock 32 

Position    SKf  Bog  ^Spavin ; '.  .  36 

Sound    Hack. .'.'.  62 

Hock  with-'Cdrb . ,  62 

Section   of  Toot /:  .  .  65 

Clean    Hock ''  ;   .  67 

Slight    Spavin ;    .  67 

Large    Spavin 67 

Structure  Near  Fore  Leg 89 

Near  Hock,  outside 117 

Test    for    Spavin.... 126 


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